The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Key Questions • What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400’s? • How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church? • How did Protestantism spread? • What were the effects of The Reformation in England?

3. Key Terms and People • Indulgences • Purgatory • Martin Luther • Theocracy • John Calvin • Predestination • Henry VIII • Annulled • Elizabeth I

4. Causes of the Protestant Reformation Cause • ______ • ______ Cause • ______ • ______ Protestant Reformation Cause • ______ • ______

5. Main Idea • Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe.

6. Catholicism in the 1400s • The Roman Catholic Church was wealthy and powerful. • As the influence and extravagance of the church grew, some people thought it had lost sight of spiritual goals. • By the 1500s, these concerns crystallized into a reform movement.

7. Dissatisfaction with the Church • Financial corruption • Abuses of power • Immorality • Heavy taxation

8. Example • The Church financed Renaissance artists in extremely elaborate projects, but it taxed the middle class and peasants in an attempt to fund such projects.

9. Indulgences • Pope Leo X • Construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome • He approved the sale of indulgences

11. Saint Peter’s Tomb

12. Indulgences • Pardons issued by the pope that people could buy in exchange for reducing a soul’s time in purgatory. • Purgatory = a place for souls who have to work off their sins before being admitted to heaven

13. Nationalism is Growing • Devotion to a particular state of nation • First loyalty is to the nation, not the church • People saw themselves as citizens of a nation rather than members of a church.

14. Early Reformers • Jean Wycliffe – church should give up it’s worldly possessions • Jan Hus – priest – preached against the immorality and worldliness of the church

15. Jan Hus • Excommunicated • Arrested • Tried for heresy • Burned at the stake

17. Martin Luther • 1517 – Martin Luther made his complaints public • This is the official beginning of the Protestant Reformation

18. Ninety Five Theses • Written in academic Latin • Intended for church leaders • Commonly the church door was like a bulletin board • Factor in the printing press • He condemned the sale of indulgences and criticized the power and wealth of the church and her papacy.

19. Faith alone is needed • Head of the church is Jesus • Translated the Bible into German

20. Edict of Worms • The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V and the German Diet summoned Luther to a trial. • Luther was steadfast in his beliefs • Edict declared Luther an outlaw • His writings were condemned

22. Lutheranism • 1530 – becomes a formally recognized branch of Christianity • Charles V moves to suppress Lutherans in German assembly • Protestatio – issued by the German assembly

23. Other Reformers • Zwingli – priest from Switzerland • Calvin – preacher inspired by Luther

24. Ulrich Zwingli • Zwingli was viewed as a radical. • He wanted a theocracy • A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.

25. John Calvin • Influenced by Erasmus • Preached the doctrine of predestination • God knows who will be saved even before people are born. • Humans have no control over their final fate. • Calvinists have strict laws • Amusements such as feasting, dancing, singing, and wearing jewelry are forbidden

26. Romans 9: 14-16 • 14 What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? Certainly not! 15 For He says to Moses, “I will have mercy on whomever I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whomever I will have compassion.”[a]16 So then it is not of him who wills, nor of him who runs, but of God who shows mercy.

27. Predestination vs Free Will • Do these ideas work in tandem with each other, or are they inherently opposite? • (omniscience)

28. Religious Europe - 1600

29. King Henry VIII • Becomes king of England at age 17 • He thought Luther’s ideas were “venomous.” • Henry VIII = “Defender of the Faith” • Wife = Catherine of Aragon • Daughter = Mary • Problem: Henry wants a male heir to the throne

30. Henry, Henry, Henry… • Had so many wives, that had to die. • To the tune of Money, Money, Money, by ABBA

31. Annullment • Henry declared the marriage to be invalid, based upon church laws, so that he could be married to someone else who would bear a child. • The Pope would not agree to the annullment.

32. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • The nephew of Catharine of Aragon • Catharine wanted to stay married.

33. Anne Boleyn • Henry VIII falls in love with her while he is arguing with the pope over the annullment.

34. Reformation Parliament • Henry summons parliament and declared that England is no longer under the authority of the pope. • Henry names himself the head of the Church of England.

35. Back to Henry VIII • He closed Catholic monasteries and convents and redistributed their land to nobles. • Do you think this would build public support for Henry VIII?

36. Henry and Anne • 1533 – secretly married • Parliament declares Henry’s marriage to Catherine null and void. • Anne gives birth to a baby girl. Guess who?

37. Elizabeth

38. Act of Supremacy • Subjects had to declare that Henry VIII was the, “Supreme Head of the Church of England.”

39. Henry’s Heirs • He ended up with six wives. • His third wife, Jane Seymour finally produced a male heir in Edward VI • None of Henry’s later three marriages produced any children. • Six wives of Henry VIII

40. Edward VI • He takes the throne at age 9. • He dies at age 15. • Henry’s daughter, Mary becomes the Queen of England anyway.

41. Mary • She returns England to the authority of the pope. • Hundreds were burned at the stake for their Protestant beliefs. • Bloody Mary • Cue Bloody Mary Tudor

42. Mary Dies • Protestants were not exactly full of sorrow. • Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, becomes Queen Elizabeth I of England. • Elizabeth was a strong queen who firmly established the Church of England.

43. Who would you choose?Jennifer Lopez or Mary Queen of Scots

44. Elizabeth I • Draft a new Act of Supremacy, splitting England once again from Rome. • She was a Protestant at heart. • Elizabeth persecuted Catholics because they tried to overthrow her. • Catholics wished to appoint Mary, Queen of Scots (see handout)

45. Elizabeth I • She’s Not There • by, The Zombies