The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation World History

2. Breakdown of Denominations

3. Early Reformers • John Wycliffe (1324-1384) • Interested in authority of clergy. • People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own. • Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope). • This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

4. Early Reformers • John Wycliffe (1324-1384) 1. Denounced monasticism 2. Criticized confession 3. Against doctrine of transubstantiation (bread & wine transformed into the actual body & blood of Christ)

5. Early Reformers • John Wycliffe (1324-1384) - Christ is the only head of the church (not the pope) - Bible is the supreme authority for believers (not church or clergy) Thus translated Bible into English

6. Early Reformers • John Wycliffe (1324-1384) - Wycliffe has a stroke & dies during the turmoil - Catholic Church condemns Wycliffe as a heretic on 260 different counts & orders his writing to be burnt - His bones were dug up & burned

7. Early Reformers Cont… • Jan Hus (1369-1415) • From the city of Prague (Bohemia) • Defended Wycliffe's ideas of reform • Opposed the worldliness of the church • He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope. • Excommunicated

8. Early Reformers Cont… • Jan Hus (1369-1415) • Sigismund (HRE) summons Hus to settle the matter of heresy & promises imperial protection • At the Council of Constance, he is imprisoned by church leaders & placed on trial • Makes his case, but burnt at the stake

9. Early Reformers Cont… • Jan Hus (1369-1415) • When asked to recant, Hus says “I shall die with joy today in the faith of the gospel which I have preached.” • Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church.

10. Early Reformers Cont… • Erasmus (1466-1536) • “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.” • Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. • He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will. • Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

11. Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation! • The Printing Press!!!! • Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books) • People have access to books whenever they want them. • How does this relate to the Reformation? Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

12. What is the Protestant Reformation? • Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches. • People grew displeased with the churches… • Financial Corruption • Abuse of Power • Immorality

13. What happens to spark the Reformation? • Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences! • Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness) • Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

14. Language Barriers • Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”. • Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation. • It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

15. Martin Luther • Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. • One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. • Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

16. Luther’s 95 Theses • In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. • Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! • Criticized: • Indulgences • Power of Pope • Wealth of Church • God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE! • Catholic View: Good Works

17. Martin Luther • Luther was obsessed with sin; wanted to rid of sin. Gave so many confessions that drove the priest crazy In the end, he realized he could never be sinless and be perfect

18. Martin Luther • While reading Romans 1:17 “the righteous will live by faith”, he realizes that he never attain salvation thru his works & needs the saving grace of Christ. • One is saved only by faith alone = Sola Fide (latin)

19. Martin Luther • Faith Alone = Sola Fide • Scripture Alone = Sola Scriptura authority comes only from Scripture and not the pope • Grace Alone = Sola Gratia

20. Martin Luther • Luther went further and said the church rituals did not effect salvation • You were not save because of “good works” • You were saved because of the grace of God (Gospel)

21. Martin Luther • Edict of Worms - Luther is considered a heretic - His writings are forbidden - He has no legal right • Translates the New Testament (based on Erasmus) into German; hides in Wartburg Castle under alias

22. Martin Luther • Luther’s teaching begins to spread and influence his supporters • Philipp Melanchtonin 1530 writes the Augsburg Confession – sets the key doctrines of Luther • This becomes the doctrinal standard for the Lutheran church

23. Martin Luther • Luther is helped because Charles V is preoccupied with the war against his nemesis Francis I (king of France) & the Turkish invasion (Suleiman) • 20 years pass until Charles V deals with Luther’s issue (Diet of Worms)

24. Martin Luther • Most of the German princes support Luther’s doctrines and use it politically to oppose the king • Fight between German princes and Charles V • 1555 Peace of Augsburg – each can choose their own religion

25. Excommunication • In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. • Excommunication- expelled him from the church. • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings. • Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest. • Hence the term Protestant!

26. Excommunication • In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.

27. Luther’s Song • A Mighty Fortress is our Lord

28. Other Reformations • Ulrich Zwingli(Switzerland) • Heavily influenced by Erasmus and focused on learning the Bible • Ordained as Catholic priest but soon discovered the corruption of the Catholic Church

29. Other Reformations • Agrees with Luther that salvation comes from the belief (faith) in God’s grace alone • Believes that Bible is the sole rule of faith and that Christ is the only way to salvation • Writes Sixty-seven Conclusions to reject: • catholic mass • celibacy of priests • purgatory • primacy of pope

30. Other Reformations • Disagrees with Luther regarding the Lord’s Supper Luther: Christ is literally present in, with the bread & wine Zwingli: symbolic of Christ’s death Killed at the Battle of Kappel while aiding a wounded soldier

31. Other Reformations • Anabaptists: believed that the Reformation did not go far enough • Meet together and organize the Swiss Brethen (1525) (1) Against infant baptism “ana” = means ‘against’ (2) Pacifism = not taking arms even during war (3) Separation of church & state (Christians should not take political office) (ex) Mennonites, Amish

33. Other Reformations John Calvin(1509-1564) • Born in northwestern France • Studied law & theology • Wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion at age 26 – outlines Christian Doctrine • Leads reform in Geneva & Strasbourg by the advice of William Ferrel

34. Other Reformations • Belief in “Sovereignty of God” • Build a Christian city based on Scripture • Preached separation of church & state • City outlawed drunkenness, gambling, dancing • Predestination • God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation. • Married once and no children • Influenced reformation throughout Europe

35. Other Reformations • John Knoxin Scotland • Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church • Fights against Mary Tudor (cousin of Queen Elizabeth)

36. Reformation in England • Tudors ruled England • Henry VII, Henry VIII, and his three children (Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth I) • King Henry VIII • The king who had six wives… • He wants a SON!

39. The Reformation Parliament • Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope. • Act of Supremacy • Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

40. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII • His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward VI • Edward VI is sick from birth • Becomes king at the age of nine • Real power is at the hands of king’s advisors who are Protestant

41. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII • Reform church: 1. clergy marriage allowed 2. mass in English (not Latin) 3. abolish many catholic rituals Two sacraments are left: Lord’s supper + Baptism

42. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII Queen Mary I “Bloody Mary” • Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon (1st wife of Henry VIII) who was dethroned for not bearing a son • Catherine Aragon was from Spain (catholic) • Re-established the Catholic Church in England • Kills many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake.

43. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) • Raised Protestant– “Good Queen Bess” • But takes a more tolerant approach to religion – “Elizabethan Settlement” – for Church of England • Rules England for 44 years – “Elizabethan Period” – one of the greatest period of England

44. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) • Spain (strongest Catholic nation) attacks England – Philip II • Fights against the Spanish Armada and defeats the well-advanced Armada • Funds and supports English pirates (Francis Drake) to plunder Spanish cargo from America • England did not have an official navy, but fights Armada with smaller & faster ships • Armada meets a strong storm which inflicts a heavy blow

45. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor) • Power shifts from Spain to England (same in the American colonies) • Never married…known as the Virgin Queen

46. Reformation in Netherlands Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg were one country & under Spanish rule (Charles V). Protestants in Netherlands revolted against Spain in 1568 led by William of Orange.

47. Reformation in Netherlands Belgium & Luxembourg was predominantly Catholic and stayed as Spanish territory. Protestant Netherlands managed to become independent with the help of the British who were at war with Spain.

48. Reformation in France Calvin & Reformation influenced every part of Europe including France. More than 2,000 Protestant congregations in France & half of nobles became Protestants French Protestants were called Huguenots and were fiercely persecuted by the Catholics

49. Reformation in France Catherine de Medici (mother of French king) ordered the killing of Huguenots in Paris. 20,000 Huguenots were murdered on August of 27 (St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre)

50. Reformation in France Tension between Protestants & Catholics rise in France. Civil war break out in France between rival families of Valois, Bourbon, Guise.