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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests. World Trade Before the Age of Exploration. World Trade before Exploration. Causes of European Exploration. Ottoman conquests (14 th & 15 th c.) closed trade routes  bypass intermediaries to get to Asia

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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

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  1. The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

  2. World Trade Before the Age of Exploration

  3. World Trade before Exploration

  4. Causes of European Exploration Ottoman conquests (14th & 15th c.) closed trade routes  bypass intermediaries to get to Asia Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples Reformation refugees & missionaries Surge in population growth c. 1450  growing demand for Asian trade goods & lack of opportunities at home

  5. Motives for European Exploration “God” religious zeal, taking Asian trade away from Muslims & converting non-Christians “Glory”  desire for conquest, adventure, fame & fortune “Gold”  Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue & new sources of gold to pay for Asian goods

  6. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portolani] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

  7. New Maritime Technology

  8. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

  9. European Overseas Empires 15th & 16th c.

  10. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419

  11. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419

  12. Portuguese Maritime Empire • Expolred west coast of Africa  trade in gold, ivory & slaves • Trading posts in India & SE Asia  desire to control spice trade • Guns & seamanship = Portuguese success • Only New World Colony  Brazil • Portugal lacked the numbers & wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

  13. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

  14. The Spanish Empire: A Model for Conquest

  15. Spanish Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

  16. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World • Encomiendaor forced labor. • Council of the Indies. • Viceroy. • New Spain and Peru. • Papal agreement  monarchs allowed to control church

  17. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

  18. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

  19. The Columbian Exchange

  20. The “Columbian Exchange”

  21. Spanish Colonial “Castas” System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

  22. The Atlantic Economy

  23. New Colonial Rivals

  24. Mercantilism • Amount of Buillon(gold & silver) = Nation’s Wealth = Political Power over Rivals • Goal = national economic self-sufficiency • Requires a favorable balance of trade (exports › imports) • Essential industries encouraged through subsidies & tax credits • Colonies would provide captive markets for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials. • Trade is a “zero-sum” game.

  25. The “Price Revolution” Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] Hurt those on fixed incomes & the poor, but helped those in debt (traders & merchants)

  26. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • Between 16c & 19c, approx. 10-12 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

  27. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

  28. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

  29. Slave Trade & European Attitudes on Race Juan de Pareja OluadahEquiano

  30. “[The Slave Trade] lasted the better part of four centuries… the forced migration of fifteen million Negroes, besides causing the death of perhaps thirty to forty million others in slave raids, coffles, and barracoons. What it produced in Africa was nothing but misery, stagnation, and social chaos.” - Daniel Mannix & Malcolm Cowley, Black Cargoes (1962)

  31. “The horrors of the Middle Passage have been exaggerated…The age which had seen the mortality among indentured servants saw no reason for squeamishness about the mortality among slaves, nor did the exploitation of the slaves on the plantations differ fundamentally from the exploitation of the feudal peasant or the treatment of the poor in European cities” - Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (1944)

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