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THE ANATOMY OF 19 TH AND 20 TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS: INDIA

THE ANATOMY OF 19 TH AND 20 TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS: INDIA. THE VARIOUS TYPES OF MODERN REVOLUTIONS. INDIA: BRITAIN LOSES CONTROL. Lord Ripon and Ilbert Bill Sought local self-government Opposed by Anglo-Indians Indian nationalist sentiment arose Founding of Indian National Congress

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THE ANATOMY OF 19 TH AND 20 TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS: INDIA

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  1. THE ANATOMY OF 19TH AND 20THCENTURY REVOLUTIONS: INDIA THE VARIOUS TYPES OF MODERN REVOLUTIONS

  2. INDIA: BRITAIN LOSES CONTROL • Lord Ripon and Ilbert Bill • Sought local self-government • Opposed by Anglo-Indians • Indian nationalist sentiment arose • Founding of Indian National Congress • Seeks expansion/reform of councils • Seeks Indianization of civil service • Nature becomes more aggressive • Industrialization of India changes society • Impact of World War I on India • Hundreds of thousands of Indians fight in Britain’s armies in WWI.

  3. BRITISH SEEK TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO • Indians begin to organize • Indians begin to demonstrate • British pressure Indians to conform • World War I: Pressures for Home Rule • Anti-sedition acts • Gandhi begins his fasts, satvagraha movement • 1920 Armitsar Massacre- British troops massacre protesting civilians, causing even more anti-British sentiment. • Muslim, Hindu goals diverge

  4. COOLER HEADS SEEK TO COMPROMISE • 1920 Government of India Act creates: • Council of State; Legislative Assembly • Provincial Governments • Some Indians allowed to participate, vote • Swaraj party advocates cooperation • Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement • Won’t collaborate with the occupier. • Non-violent • Seek independence not class conflict

  5. COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE BECOMES GOAL • Great Depression hurt India • Gandhi’s Salt March begins civil disobedience • Raids on armory, provinces in revolt • Indians oppose 1935 Government of India Act • Muslims and Hindus split over goals • Independent minded Indians gain power • Colonial powers in World War II • British power defeated by Japanese in Asia • Japanese invade Burma, India • British promise reforms at end of war in exchange for Indian help!

  6. INDEPENDENCE COMES • During World War II • Americans pressure British for independence • Indian Army saves Britain in many battles • UN agreements give India a vote • 1945 • Muslims, Hindus disagree • 1946 • Muslim Indians insists on Muslim state • 1947 • British announce plans to partition: Agree to create two countries out of India: India and Pakistan

  7. INDIAN REIGN OF TERROR • Terror, Riots precede, follow Partition • Communal violence explodes • Hindus, Muslims massacre each other • Pakistan, India fight over Kashmir • Gandhi assassinated by nationalist • Exchange of Populations • Many Muslims moved to Pakistan • Hindus moved to India • Principalities abolished

  8. MODERATES PREDOMINATE • 1947 - 1950 • India joins non-aligned movement • India, Pakistan remain in Commonwealth • Indian establish democracy • Suppress secessionist movements • Congress party defeats radical parties • Universal franchise in India; end caste • Constitution uses many old 1935 laws • Pakistan tends towards tradition • Establishes Islam as model, laws • Suppresses ethnic, regional differences • Leaves power in landlords’ hands

  9. INSTITUTIONS, LEADERS STABILIZE REVOLUTION • India • Secular state was vision • Federal structure of states, politics • Business leaders critically important • Nehru and later I. Gandhi guided state • Strong opposition parties allowed to run • Pakistan • Traditional social elements in control • No significant redistribution of resources • Military influences government • Centralized planning limited

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