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The Protestant reformation

The Protestant reformation. Chapter 11. Background. Voices of reform. Wycliff Lollards Opposed papal infallibility, sale of indulgences, transubstantiation Saw scripture as higher authority than church officials Vernacular Personal merit, not rank, determines selection in office

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The Protestant reformation

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  1. The Protestant reformation Chapter 11

  2. Background

  3. Voices of reform • Wycliff • Lollards • Opposed papal infallibility, sale of indulgences, transubstantiation • Saw scripture as higher authority than church officials • Vernacular • Personal merit, not rank, determines selection in office • Wanted vow of poverty • Huss • Influenced by Wycliff • Supported vernacular translation of Bible • Saw transubstantiation as superstitious • Excommunicated & burned as a heretic by Council of Constance • Conciliar Movement • Doctrine vs Practice

  4. Multiple causation

  5. Martin Luther Three Key Teachings of Martin Luther Justification by Faith alone The priesthood of all believers The primacy of the Bible

  6. John Calvin “We know the in everything God works for good with those who love him, who are called according to his purpose. For those who he foreknew he predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the firstborn among many brethren. And those whom he predestined he also called, and those whom he called he also justified, and those whom he justified he also glorified.” ~Bible, Romans 8:28-30

  7. calvinism • Both Luther and Calvin preached justification through faith as a result of knowing one’s Bible BUT Calvin also • Said that the “outer” person had to be a hard worker & lead a moral life while the “inner” person was predestined • Both Calvin and Luther rejected transubstantiation BUT Calvin also • Saw communion as symbolic • Unlike Luther, Calvinists had an absolute refusal to subordinate Church to state(Geneva = theocracy= “City of God”)

  8. Calvinism • Unlike Lutheran Churches, Calvinist church structure included NO bishops  a local congregation elected self-governing elders called “presbyteries” • Unlike Lutheran or Catholic Services, Calvinists use NO images, NO incense, NO candles, NO chanting…. • Connections…. • Many historians see the presbyteries as the forerunner of democracy among North American & British congregations • The Calvinist belief in behaving in a godly & upright manner can be connected tothe development of “work ethic” prevalent in modern capitalist societies

  9. Common Ground • Lutherans, Calvinists, Zwinglians…. • True source of Christian teaching is scriptures • No cult of saints or Virgin Mary • No belief in purgatory or sale of indulgences • Refuted transubstantiation as a miraculous transformation • Justification by faith • No Pope or international organization • Reduced sacraments to 2 or 3 • Service conducted in vernacular • Married clergy • No holy orders (monks or nuns)

  10. Social significance of the protestant reformation

  11. Social significance of the protestant reformation • Reformation & Education • Humanist education was designed to allow theology students to have skills to • Read across liberal arts disciplines • Read primary sources and better interpret • Reformation leaders pushed for • Universal compulsory education so that boys and girls could comprehend biblical teachings in the vernacular

  12. Social significance of the protestant reformation • Role of Women • Women’s role becomes increasingly important as marriage is seen as increasingly important • Family = Christian love • Movement away from “either/or”  Eve v. Mary • Marriage laws increase legal status for women • Protestant expansion of grounds for divorce included adultery and abandonment in the 1500’s

  13. Summary • S • P • R • I • T • E

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