Japanese & Korean Response to European Intervention

1. Japanese & Korean Response to European Intervention Foundations to 1912

2. Early Japan • Geography shaped development • Archipelago • Mountainous • Only 11% farmed • Volcanic • Frequent earthquakes

3. Early Japan • Earliest settlers were nomads from northeastern Asia • Brought their own language, culture, & religion • Agricultural society modeled on China

4. Early Japan Continued • 1st societies based on clans • 2 classes • rulers = Divine • rice farmers, artisans, servants • Yamoto Prince Shotoku Taishi • 573-621 • Unified Japan • Created administrative districts • Rural village = basic governmental unit

5. Early Japan Continued Nara Period • Yamato ruler = “Heavenly Emperor” • Controlled by Fujiwara Family • Capital was at Nara • Aristocratic families kept land taxes • Weak government

6. Early Japan Continued Heian Period • Capital moved to Heian, near Kyoto • Fujiwara clan still controlled the Emperor • Powerful families dominated rural areas • relied on Military Force • Samurai = “those who serve” • Bushido = “the way of the warrior” • owed their loyalty to their employer • Declined because land became concentrated in the hands of a small class of wealthy elites Feudalism

7. Japanese Feudalism • Includes the Kamakura and Muromachi periods • Decentralized political power • Regional warlords (daimyo) controlled the land and the economy • Valued military talent and discipline • Samurai played important roles as mounted warriors loyal to their lords and the bushido code

8. Early Japan Continued 1192 - 1333 Kamakura Shogunate • Minamoto Yoritomo • Ended civil wars • Established capital near Tokyo • Centralized government • Military leader = Shogun - General - Controlled the Emperor

9. Feudalism

10. Feudalism

11. Read “Japan Faces Kublai Khan” on page 246 in Glencoe • Write the question and the answer on a sheet of paper • Who was Kublai Khan? • Why did he attack Japan? • What happened to the Mongolian fleet? • Why was this a turning point in Asian history? • Define kamikaze. • What is another definition of kamikaze?

12. Early Japan Continued • 1274 - Kublai Khan sent attack fleet; forced to retreat • 1281 – 2nd attack attempt • 4,440 ships, 150,000 Mongol warriors • “Divine Wind” • Violent typhoon • Destroyed the Mongol Fleet • Japan not invaded again until U.S. in 1945

13. Early Japan Continued • Mongolian attacks strained the Kamakura shogunate • 1333 - Ashikaga family took over • Aristocratic power grew in the 14th-15th centuries • Daimyo = (“great names”) = heads of noble families • 1467-1477: Onin Civil War destroyed Kyoto

14. Early Japan Economy Continued • Agricultural society • Manufacturing developed in the Kamakura Era • Produced paper, iron casting, porcelain • Exports: swords, paintings, raw materials • Traded with Korea & China

15. Early Japan Women Continued • Some equality at 1st • Later, clearly subordinate to males • Active roles at all levels of society • Educated • Poets = “The Tale of the Genji” by Murasaki Shikibu Lady Tomoe Gozen

16. Early Japan Culture Continued • Zen Buddhism • brought to Japan by Chinese monks • part of the Samurais’ code of behavior • seek enlightenment suddenly or through meditation • Shinto = Japanese state religion • spirits = kami = in nature • spirits of the ancestors

17. Japan • 1460s-late 1500’s, Japan experienced anarchy & civil war • Era of Independent Lords • Weak shogun • daimyo vs. daimyo • many samurai left their masters & became bandits or mercenaries = ronin

18. Japan • 1540’s Portuguese, Spanish, & Dutch traders and missionaries arrived in Japan • Father Francis Xavier converted many Japanese to Christianity between 1549-1551 • Shoguns’ weaknesses allowed foreign missionaries and merchants to gain substantial influence • Europeans introduced gunpowder to Japan

19. Japanese Reunification • 1560-1615 3 warlords reunited Japan • Oda Nobunaga • used gunpowder to conquer east and central Japan • assassinated in 1582 • Toyotomi Hideyoshi • from a poor background • centralized power from his capital in Osaka • imposed harsh social stratification & restored order • civil war broke out again after his death • Tokugawa Ieyasu won

20. The Tokugawa Shogunate Japan 1603-1868 • Brilliant and ruthless • Completed unification in 1615 • Tokugawa shoguns ruled Japan for 265 years • Tokugawa years are called the Great Peace

21. Japan The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 • Centralized government • Made Edo (modern-day Tokyo) the capital • The emperor was just a figurehead • Tokugawa imposed a dictatorship • Revived Neo-Confucianism

22. Strict social stratification

23. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 Japan • Shogun • = supreme military dictator • = distributed the annual rice crop • Daimyo • Given land & rice from the shogun • Provided military service to the shogun

24. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 • Samurai • Given rice from the daimyo • Castle guards, military advisors, government officials, and soldiers • Ronin • Warriors without masters • Mercenaries Japan

25. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 • Eta = outcasts • Regulated • where they lived • their dress, and their • hairstyles • Ordinary citizens couldn’t carry weapons • - Tokugawa monopolized gunpowder technology & limited gun distribution Japan

26. The Tokugawa Shogunate • European traders brought many goods, including firearms, clocks, and the printing press • The Japanese began to manufacture their own firearms • Revolutionized Japanese warfare • Contributed to the unifiers’ success • Encouraged Japanese ventures to nearby Formosa, Korea, the Phillipine Islands, & Siam (Thailand)

27. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 • Women • Increased restrictions on women, particularly the samurai class • Wives obeyed husbands or faced death • Women had little control over their property • Less educated than men • Encouraged to pursue artistic & cultural pursuits Japan

28. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 • Women • More egalitarian in the lower classes • Peasant men/women worked in the fields • Women were respected as mothers & homemakers • Girl children were often put to death or sold into prostitution • Geishas = courtesans who were trained in music, art, and conversation Japan

29. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 • European influences • Japanese architecture = castles • Painting = perspective Culture • Kabuki Theater • New form of drama • Combined acrobatics, swordplay, and urban scenes Japan

30. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 Isolationsim • Late 1500’s, many Portuguese, Dutch, & Spanish traders & missionaries arrived in Japan • Traders introduced new products = tobacco & firearms • 1000s of Japanese were converted to Christianity by the 1580s • Many people were suspicious of Christians • Many Christians refused to obey their daimyos’ commands • They were persecuted by both Nobunaga & Hideyoshi • Japanese considered Europeans barbarians • Japanese shoguns feared the possible effects of the uncontrolled importation of gunpowder weaponry

31. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 Isolationsim • Seculsion Acts • 1630s, 1649-1720s: foreign traders were only allowed entry at Deshima Island in Nagasaki Bay • After a brief period of openness, Japan secluded itself again until the 1850s • Christianity went “underground” • Western books and Christian ideas were banned • Japanese ships were forbidden to sail overseas • Limited trade with Chinese & Dutch only • Relatively peaceful period = Pax Tokugawa

32. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 Isolationsim • By the 1720s, Korea was the only country that Japan had formal relations with • Maintained informal ties with China • Allowed some foreign trade on Deshima Island in Nagasaki’s harbor

33. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 Economy • Peace & prosperity; population rose • 1600-1720, rice & grain production doubled • Tokugawa Japan was very urbanized • Edo (Tokyo) was one of the world’s largest cities • Built elaborate road & canal system • Merchant class became increasingly wealthy & powerful Japan

34. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 Economy • Late 1700s & 1800s, Tokugawa Japan underwent some modernization • More urban growth = Kyoto, Osaka, & Edo had populations over 1 million • Rationalized agriculture = fewer farmers grew more food • Freed up more laborers for future Japanese industrialization

35. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 Economy • Trade, commerce, & manufacturing were more important • Gained some knowledge of Western scientific technology, despite their isolationism because they kept contacts with the Dutch on Deshima Island • Allowed some modernization but still maintained tight control of gunpowder technology • Gunpowder & firearms gave the shogunate significant power

36. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 • In 1853, American Commodore Matthew Perry appeared off the Japanese coast in an American gunship – impliedmilitary bombardment • Requested Japan to open their economy to foreign trade = Open Door Policy

38. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 • Treaty of Kanagawa • The shogun agreed to end the long isolationist policy • Europeans gained open access over the next 5 years • Many Japanese feared that Japan would suffer the same European pressures China had faced • Satsuma-Chosun (Sat-cho) samurai rebellion forced the shogun to resign • Japanese isolation ended • -- new policy of rapid modernization • -- The Meiji Restoration

39. The Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 • Emperor Meiji • The first emperor in over a 1000 years to enjoy full imperial powers • Initially, the restoration was hostile to Westerners • Realized that they would have to learn Western education, science, economics, & military methods to avoid Western domination • Emperor Meiji leaned toward Westernization • “Revolution from Above” = radically altered Japanese • - Japanese politics • economics • social structure

40. Meiji Restoration • Realized that they would have to learn Western education, science, economics, & military methods to avoid Western domination • Emperor Meiji leaned toward Westernization • “Revolution from Above” = radically altered Japanese • - Japanese politics • economics • social structure

41. Meiji Restoration • New centralized government with a new constitution and a 2-house parliament called the Diet • Oligarchy = less repressive & less restrictive than Tokugawa era • Only 5% suffrage due to property qualifications • Emperor still retained most of the control • Abolished feudalism & the rigid social hierarchy • Eliminated hereditary privileges • eliminated government stipends to the samurai • forbade former samurai to wear swords • Women were still 2nd class citizens – industrialization created low-paying jobs with low status

42. Meiji Restoration • Agriculture production increased • Industrialized = Created a Ministry of Industry; built railroads, factories, canals, steamships, ports, & banks to finance industrialization • Zaibatsu = huge government sponsored corporations; government encouraged large-scale industry & private enterprise • Increased the farmers’ taxes to fund economic growth

43. Meiji Restoration • Working conditions in the factories were horrendous = sweatshops, low wages, & unsafe procedures • Textile mills & coal mines experienced the worst conditions • In a Nagasaki mine, temperatures exceeded 130 degrees; escapees were shot • Unions were outlawed

44. Meiji Restoration • Middle class grew • Improved healthcare • Improved the education system = sent upper class young men to Europe & America to study engineering, economics, & military science • Modernized the army & navy • Empire building will lead to conflict with its neighbors & cause the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) & the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

45. European Expansionism: Impact on Asian Civilizations • Greatest impact = periphery of Asian civilizations, particularly Sri Lanka, Indonesia, & the Philippines--made tribute systems • Significant impact when they introduced firearms to Japan • Minimal impact otherwise • Asians not interested in most European goods • Christianity didn’t supplant Hinduism, Islam, or Buddhism except in the northern Philippines • Initially, influenced but later rulers suppressed Christianity • China & Japan both isolationist – their fundamental structures remained unchanged • China allowed a few Christian visitors out of intellectual curiosity

46. Read pages 659-660 in Stearns (3rd ed), • Complete the Venn Diagram China Japan Similarities

47. Essay test question: Analyze & compare the differing responses of China and Japan to western penetration in the 19th century. ?

48. Early Korea • Peninsula • Influenced by China & Japan • 109 B.C.E. – China controlled north 3 Early Kingdoms • Koguryo - north • Paekche (pah EHK chee) -southwest • Silla - southeast 10th century = KoryoDynasty arose in north • 13th century = harsh Mongolian rule inflicted tremendous suffering on Korean people • 1392 – Yi Song-gye established Yi Dynasty

49. Early Korea • Influenced by both China & Japan