Aspecte generale privind impactul introducerii biocombustibililor ...

1. Aspecte generale privind impactul introducerii biocombustibililor �n reformularea combustibililor ecologici �n Rom�nia Prof. dr. ing. Ion Onutu Prof. dr. ing. Dorin Stanica-Ezeanu Universitatea Petrol-Gaze din Ploiesti , Bd. Bucuresti 39, 100680 � Ploiesti, Romania E-mail: ionutu@upg-ploiesti.ro

3.  INTRODUCTION Vegetal-based energy is definitively one of the most promising approaches to achieve sustainable development for the future. There is a long list of vegetables that could be used for fuels production in order to obtain the, so called, �clean� energy. Actually, the fuels are obtained from crude oil in different processes from the refinery. The energy demand increasing and the new specifications for refining products are the main factors which are imposing major changes in the crude oil refining schema. The idea to transform a crude oil refinery into a biorefinery is hard to achieve. That is because the success on a long term basis of the biorefinery consists in high volume fuels (ethanol and biodiesel) production and a portfolio of high value products and chemicals. For Romania the strategy concerning the biofuels production is connected with the new specifications of engine fuels: gasoline and gas oil. The idea is to assure the integration of biotransformation processes in the refinery schema. The aim of this work is to find solutions for integrated refineries where crude oil refining processes are combined with bioprocesses in order to produce high quality fuels and chemicals. By including these bioprocesses into the refining schema it will be easier to rebuild the integrated refinery where the crude oil processing will become a small part of the activity and the biomass transformation will be the main source for biofuels.

4. Why Biofuels in Romania? Romania is a high CO2 production country (Figure 1). Romania adopted Directive CE 30/2003 with a rate of 2 Vol% biofuels in transportation fuels market in 2007 and 5,75 Vol% in 2010 (HG 1844/2005). Romania is a country with a high potential for biofuels production because it has almost 2 Mil. ha available for the cultivation of rapeseed or other plants used for �clean� energy production (Figure 2).

5. Figure 1 � Diagram regarding global CO2 production

6. Figure 2 - Romania total arable surface Romania has 9.5 million ha, from which only 7.1 millions ha were considered by EU. Now 2.4 million ha are available for the cultivation of plants for bio fuel production.

7. Figure 3 - Fuels evolution in 21-st century

8. What is a Biorefinery?A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum. Industrial biorefineries have been identified as the most promising route to the creation of a new domestic biobased industry.

9. Figure 4 � The biorefining structure from an integrated refinery

10. Figure 5 - Biorefinery evolution between 2005 - 2050

12. Romanian strategy regarding biofuels proposes to use Biodiesel as a component of Diesel fuel

13. Figure 7 - European Biodiesel production (forecast for 2007)

14. Figure 8 � Romanian refining dynamics

15. Conclusions Significant changes in the Romanian petroleum industry are expected to be set in motion during the next five to ten years due to its private competitional position, national and European community requirements and programs, and as result of the consumption forecast. Romanian biofuel market will start with Biodiesel production in new plants built in high agricultural potential areas or in crude oil refineries. The capacity of Romanian biofuel market regarding the distribution of Diesel fuels type B5 (5 vol% of FAME blended in gasoil) and B20 (20 vol% FAME) is presented in Table 1. Romania has a great potential to produce bio-fuels, specially Biodiesel by transesterification of vegetable oils and jointed with petroleum refining capacities it will become an important player on European market of biofuels.

16. Table 1 � The Romanian biofuel market (Forecast for 2007 and 2010)

17. 2. PROBLEME DE REZOLVAT IN REFORMULAREA CU BIOCOMBUSTIBILI Materii prime Fabricare �produse secundare Corelatia calitate-performante motor-emisii Infrastructura de testare Infrastructura de comercializare Pret si facilitati Propuneri si actiuni viitoare

18. Biocombustibili

19. FABRICARE DE BIOCOMBUSTIBILI La nivelul actual, nu putem vorbi de o productie de biocombustibili in Romania Sunt doar citeva investitii in derulare, ce urmeaza sa fie inaugurate catre sfirsitul anului 2007 pe biodiesel Rafinariile din Romania sunt deschise pentru producerea de biocombustibili, dar deocamdata nu au facilitatile necesare pentru a concretiza aceasta activitate

20. Proprietati GENERALE Biodieselul este: un combustibil oxigenat (cca 11% oxigen) fara sulf, aromate usoare si polinucleare biodegradabil in sol si apa netoxic are o lubricitate foarte buna, compensind prin adaosul in motorina Diesel pierderea de lubricitate si eventuala uzura (datorita scaderii continutului de sulf) este biodegradabil in sol si apa

21. Materii prime

22. Premise romanesti pro- biodiesel Cele cca doua milioane de hectare de teren arabil necultivate anual Un numar mic de fermieri care detin peste 50 hectare plus o supraproductie de cereale Cerintele Uniunii Europene, forta de munca ieftina si suprafetele agricole mari, ce pot fi cultivate cu rapita, fac din Romania un jucator interesant pe piata carburantilor ecologici masurile (facilitatile) luate de Ministerul Agriculturii

23. MINISTERUL AGRICULTURII - mecanism de subventionare pentru culturile oleoginoase - noul Cod Fiscal prevede scutirea de accize la biocarburanti - alte solutii de stimulare a culturilor de plante energetice, in afara de subventiile primite de la Uniunea Europeana. Platile directe pentru plantele energetice sunt de aproximativ 45 euro/ha.

24. Pretul biodieselului Pretul unui litru de biocarburant este mai mic decat pretul carburantilor obisnuti, in functie de tipul de biocarburant Pretul unui litru de biodiesel poate ajunge si la jumatatea pretului unui litru de motorina In Franta si Italia biodieselul avea la pompa acelasi pret ca dieselul.

27. Proprietati fizice monoesteri versus motorina Mase moleculare ale monoesterilor de cca 3 ori mai mici t50% si t90% sunt apropiate Punctele de tulburare sunt mai ridicate (perturbatii iarna!) Continutul de gume este mai ridicat (se oxideaza catenele nesaturate) Cifrele cetanice au valori mai ridicate (cca 60) Puterea calorica superioara este cu cca 8% mai redusa - emisiile, per global, scad Comportarea in motor : - scade puterea cu cca 2-4 % Proprietatile BD pot fi masurate prin: - analize chimice - corelatii analitice

30. Bio 400 Instalatie completa de 400 litri pe sarja cu sistem de spalare uscata .Poate produce combustibil de calitate la standard EN 14214 daca se foloseste ca materie prima un ulei vegetal adecvat Nu genereaza apa uzata Produce intre 400 si 7600 litri pe zi Acest sistem include urmatoarele componente :-Un preincalzitor (folosite pentru a putea preincalzi uleiul uzat sau crud inainte de a fi transferat in reactor)-Reactorul �Fast Breeder � 400 capabil sa produca 400 litri pe sarja (aprox 1ora si 25 min)Construit din otel inox , 10 ani garantie . Vas sub presiune testat pina la 8 bari.Lucreaza pina la 1 bar maxim . Valoare sigura Curent electric necesar : 14.4 kw @.415v or 16.2kw @ 240vGreutatea procesorului gol : 260 kg Dimensiuni: 1.0m x .2m x 2.1m -Tanc de decantare de 500 litri-Tanc de spalare de 500 litri -Instalatia cu agentul de spalare -Sistem de filtrare ( folosit pentru filtrarea finala inainte de a putea fi folosit biodieselul in motorul dvs.)-Livrare si training-INCLUDE instalare de catre personal autorizat -INCLUDE Kitul de protectie (detectorul de gaz , masca de gaze , costum de protectie , manusi de protectie)Aceasta este o remarcabila instalatie cu ajutorul careia puteti obtine un biodiesel de calitate la standard EN 14214 daca veti folosi ca materie prima un ulei vegetal corespunzator 

31. Audi (all Diesel) Renault (all D) BMW (525 TDS, new BMWs) Seat (all D) Citroen (All) Skoda (all D) Honda (cu motor Isuzu) Volkswagen (all) Mercedes-Benz C200, C220, E220 Peugeot (HDI&non HDI ) Volvo (S80-D; S70-TDI; V70-TDI) Nissan (PRIMERA)

32. Actiuni privind problema biocombustibililor in ROMANIA FORMAREA DE ASOCIATII (profesionale, patronale...) FABRICI DE BIODIESEL HOTARIREA AGRICULTORILOR (INVESTITORILOR) DE A OBTINE MATERII PRIME PENTRU BIODIESEL EDUCAREA POPULATIEI SI �DISEMINAREA� PROBLEMATICII PRIVIND FABRICAREA SI UTILIZAREA BIOCOMBUSTIBILILOR (BIODIESELULUI) REDUCEREA DE ACCIZE (FARA ACCIZARE!) LEGISLATIE COERENTA (BIO) FACILITATI PENTRU PRODUCATORII DE M. PRIME

33. Etape viitoare in utilizarea MD &BD Studiul atent al efectelor asupra sanatatii si a mediului Cuantificarea costurilor fabricarii biodieselului Stabilirea impactului economic al utilizarii biodieselului ca un combustibil alternativ (efect asupra locurilor de munca si deficit comercial) Incorporarea si evaluarea noilor date asupra emisiilor din BD si MD Evaluarea performantei motoarelor diesel noi si a noilor tehnologii de productie Dezvoltarea modelelor regionale de ciclu de viata pentru utilizarea BD Evaluarea si compararea cu alte surse energetice