THE SECOND DECLENSION Lesson 4 By J. Gresham Machen New Testament Greek for Beginners

1. THE SECOND DECLENSIONLesson 4By J. Gresham MachenNew Testament Greek for Beginners Declensions, order of words, articles, nouns, genders

2. adelpho’s, ho, a brother ‘anthrwpos, ho, a man apo’stolos, ho, an apostle doulos, ho, a slave, a servant tha’natos, ho, a death hiero’n, to’, a temple kai, conjunction, and lo’gos, ho, a word no’mos, ho, a law oi’kos, ho, a house huio’s, ho, a son dw’ron, to, a gift 24. Vocabulary

3. 25. A note about declensions • In Greek there are three declensions. • The second declension is given before the first for purposes of convenience, since it is easier, and has a large number of common nouns (Machen, 23).

4. 26. Articles • There is no indefinite article in Greek, so in translations such articles (as a and an) are added if necessary. • ADELPHO’S either means “brother” or “a brother” (usually the latter). • Greek however has a definite article. Where the article does not appear in the text, the definite article must not be inserted in the English translation. • ‘ANTHRWPOI simply means “men”; it does not mean “the men.” • Machen, 23.

5. PROPERTIES OF THE NOUN • 27. Greek noun has gender, number and case. • 28. GENDERS are masculine, feminine and neuter. • 29. NUMBER is plural and singular. Verbs agree with their subject in number. • 30. CASES: Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative.

6. 28. Gender of Nouns • 28a. Gender of nouns must often be learned by observation of the individual nouns. • 28b. Nearly all nouns of the second declension ending in -os are masculine. • 28c. All nouns of the second declension ending in –on are neuter.

7. 28.Articles indicate the gender of nouns. • ho indicates masculine gender. ho ‘anthrwpos means the man. • he indicates the feminine gender. he alh’theia means the truth. • Note: The Greek letter eta, above, is substituted here with h, and has a long e sound. • to is the neuter gender. tohiero’n means the temple.

8. 29. Two numbers of nouns • There are two number, singular and plural. • Verbs in the Greek, like in English, always agree with their subject in number.

9. 30. The Cases of Nouns • There are five cases: • Nominative – for nouns used as subject. • Genitive – showing possession or the motion of separation. • Dative – for the indirect object. • Accusative – for the direct object. • Vocative – used in directly addressing the person before you.

10. SINGULAR Nominative: ‘ANTHRWPOS, a man Genitive: ANTHRW’POU, of a man Dative: ‘ANTHRW’PW, to or for a man Accusative: ‘ANTHRWPON, a man Vocative: ‘ANTHRWPE, man PLURAL Nominative – ‘ANTHRWPOI, men Genitive: ANTHRW’PWN, of men Dative: ANTHRW’POIS, to or for men Accusative: ANTHRW’POUS, men Vocative: ‘ANTHRWPOI, men 31. Second Declension of ANTHROPOS, man. Note: Nominative and vocative have the same forms or endings.

11. Uses of the cases • 34. The nominative case is used for the subject of the sentence. Thus APO’STOLOS GINW’SKEI means “An apostle knows.” • 34. The accusative case is for the object of the transitive verb. Thus BLE’PW LOGON means “I see a word.” • 35.The genitive case shows possession. Thus LO’GOI APOSTO’LWN means “words of apostles” or “apostles’ words.”

12. Uses of the cases • 35. Genitive has also other uses which must be learned by observation. • 36. The dative case is the case of the indirect object. Thus LE’GW LO’GON APOSTO’LOIS means “I say a word to apostles.” The dative, again, has other uses which you can learn by observing. • 37. The vocative case is the case of direct address. Thus ADELPHE’, BLE’POMEN means “Brother, we see.”

13. Uses of the cases • 37. In the plural, the vocative case in words of all declensions is in form like the nominative. The vocative plural may therefore be omitted in repeating paradigms.

14. SINGULAR N. huio’s, son G. huiou, of a son D. huiw, to or for a son A. huio’n, son V. huie’, son PLURAL N. huioi’, sons G. huiwn, of sons D. huiois, to or for sons A. huiou’s, sons V. huioi’, sons 39. The declension of HUIOS, son (please see Machen’s, p. 25).

15. SINGULAR N. dwron, a gift G. dw’rou, of a gift D. dw’rw, to or for a gift A. dwron, a gift V. dwron, gift In neuter nouns, the nominative, accusative and vocative have same endings in singular number. PLURAL N. dwra, gifts G. dwrwn, of gifts D. dwrois, to or for gifts A. dwra, gifts V. dwra, gifts In neuter nouns, the nominative, accusative and vocative have same endings in plural number. 41. Declension of DWRON, TO, a gift

16. 42. Notes about DWRON, TO • to dwron is a neuter noun. • In all neuter nouns, of all declensions, the vocative, accusative and nominative in the singular number are the same. They all end in –on (See above slide). • The vocative, accusative and nominative in the plural number are also the same. They always end in short –a. (see above slide).

17. 43. Order of words • 43a. The normal order of the sentence in Greek is like that of English: Subject, verb, object. • 43b. Unlike in Latin, there is no special tendency in Greek to put the verb at the end. • 43c. Greeks however can vary the order for purposes of emphases or euphony much more freely than English (Machen, 27).

18. 45. Exercises (please refer to Machen’s, p. 27). In this instance we now substitute omega with w, and eta with h. • 1. adelphos ble’pei ‘anthrwpon. • 2. doulos gra’phei lo’gous. • 3. apo’stoloi dida’skousin ‘anthrwpon. • 4. apo’stoloi lu’ousi dou’lous. • 5. doulos lamba’nei dwra. • 6. lamba’nousin huioi’ oi’kous. • 7. dou’lous kai oi’kous lamba’nousin adelphoi’. • 8. ble’pomen hiera’ kai aposto’lous. • 9. dou’lous ble’pete kai adelphou’s. • 10. grapheis lo’gon aposto’lw. • 11. dida’skei ‘anthrwpon.

19. 45. Exercises (please refer to Machen’s, p. 27). In this instance we now substitute omega with w. The sound of w is long o. • 12. adelpho’s le’gei lo’gon aposto’lw. • 13. adelpho’s aposto’lwn ginw’skei no’mon. • 14. douloi ginw’skousi no’mon kai lamba’nousi dwra. • 15. ginw’skousin ‘anthrwpoi tha’naton. • 16. lamba’nomen dwra kai ‘echomen adelphou’s. • 17. apo’stolois kai dou’lois le’gomen lo’gous thana’tou. • 18. ‘adelphoi kai dou’loi ginw’skousin kai ble’pousin hiera’ kai dwra. • 19. gra’phei apo’stolos no’mon kai le’gei lo’gous huiois dou’lou. • 20. huioi’ aposto’lwn le’gousi lo’gous kai lu’ousi dou’lous.

20. Translate: • 1. A servant is writing a law. • 2. A son sees words. • 3. Brothers are loosing servants. • 4. Sons take gifts. • 5. An apostle sees a servant and a gift. • 6. Servants and sons are saying a word to a brother. • 7. We see gifts and servants. • 8. Men see words and gifts of a brother and houses of apostles and sons.

21. Translate: • 9. Words and laws we write to brethren; a word of death we say to a servant. • 10. A son is seeing temples and houses. • 11. Ye know death. • 12. Thou takest an apostle’s gift (= a gift of an apostle). • 13. Thou art writing a brother’s word to a servant. • 14. I loose servants and say words to sons and brothers. • 15. A son sees death. • 16. They know laws and teach servants of an apostle.