The Growth of a Young Nation

1. The Growth of a Young Nation Ch. 3

2. Journal • Do you have a person (s) in your life who has the final say on what you are allowed to do? How do you feel about such an arrangement?

3. Jefferson’s Presidency • Thomas Jefferson (Democratic – Republicans) vs. President John Adams (Federalist Party) • 1800 Jefferson defeats Adams by 8 electoral votes • Aaron Burr receives same number of votes as Jefferson • House of Reps. votes for Jefferson • 12th Amendment – separate ballots for pres. + vice – pres.

4. Jefferson’s Presidency • Jeffersonian republicanism – people should control the govt. + and a simple govt. was best • Reduce taxes • Decrease navy/army • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Pres. Adams appoints Federalist judges to federal courts • Congress’ Judiciary Act of 1789 • Madison (Sec. of State) would have to deliver the documents • Supreme Court declared this act unconstitutional • Established principle of judicial review • Supreme Court determines constitutionality of the law • Legislative and executive actions can be reviewed

5. Jefferson’s Presidency • Louisiana Purchase 1803 • Jefferson bought 800,000 square miles of land = $15 million • Constitution did not address how territory should be added • Doubled size of the U.S.

8. Madison and the War of 1812 • Causes • 1804-1814 – British policy of impressment • Drafting men from another country’s ships for British navy • Officials in British Canada supplied guns to Native Americans • 1812 Congress approves Madison’s declaration of war • Not much support in America • British preoccupied with Napoleon • 1814 British sack Washington, D.C. • 1815 Andrew Jackson defeats British at Battle of New Orleans

9. Madison and the War of 1812 • End of Federalists Party • Growth of American industries • Confirmed status of the U.S. as an independent nation

10. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy • President James Monroe • Secretary of state (foreign policy) John Quincy Adams • Nationalism – national interests are more important than regional concerns • Joint occupation of Oregon territory with Britain • Negotiated Adams – Onis Treaty with Spain • Florida added to U.S.

11. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy • The Monroe Doctrine • Spain and Portugal move back into old colonial territories • Russians in Alaska = threat to American trade with China • Americans wanted Northern Mexico • Monroe – Europeans should not create new colonies in western hemisphere • “dangerous to our peace and saftey”

12. Assignment Ch. 3 Section 1 • 1. How did Jefferson’s actions reflect his theory of government? • 2. Why was the principle of judicial review important for the future of the Supreme Court? • 3. Do you think the Monroe Doctrine would be a source of peace or conflict for the U.S.? Why?

13. Answers • 1. He cut taxes, reduced expenses, simplified the govt. • 2. Supreme Court could review acts of Congress • Maintained the checks and balance system created by the Constitution • 3. Peace – if it prevented foreign nations from intruding upon U.S. territory • Conflict – if foreign nations ignored the Monroe Doctrine and were forced into armed conflict to defend its interest

14. Section 2 The Age of Jackson

15. Journal • 1. Why was the Lewis and Clarke expedition important? • 2. What was John Adams accused of doing by the Democratic-Republicans in the election of 1800? • 3. What did the Supreme Court rule in Marbury v. Madison? • 4. How did President Monroe respond to countries like Portugal and Spain when they tried to reclaim their former colonies in the Western Hemisphere?

16. 1. explore the new territory the U.S. had acquired • 2. wanted to increase the power of the executive branch a lot (like a monarch) • 3. S. Court interprets the Constitution, not the legislature • 4. Issued the Monroe Doctrine • 5.

17. Regional Economies Create Differences • Industrial Revolution – large scale production of goods -> factories -> change in social + economic organization • Northeast = one or two crops/livestock -> sell them and buy items produced in Northern factories • South = “Cotton Kingdom” • 700,000 – 1.5 million slaves

18. Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism • President Madison and Henry Clay promote the “American System” • Recharter the national bank • Make travel easier • Tariff of 1816 (tax English/foreign imports) • Missouri Compromise (1821) – North and South argue about Missouri being admitted as free or slave state

20. Jacksonian Democracy • “Man of the people” • “Old hickory” • 1828 – more than 1 million white males voted for president • Spoils system • Common people given a chance to partake in govt.

21. Jacksonian Democracy • Indian Removal Act – 1830 • Federal govt. provides money to negotiate treaties with N. Americans to move west • Worcester v. Georgia 1832 • Georgia could not invade or regulate Cherokee land • Trail of Tears • Cherokees sent on 800 mile journey on foot • More than 25% of 15,000 die

23. Assignment Ch. 3 Sec. 2 • TRUE/FALSE • 1. Industry first took hold in the South because agriculture there was not highly profitable and many citizens were ready to embrace new forms of government. • 2. The emergence of cotton as a major crop in the South led to the need for more field laborers and thus the growth of industry. • 3. Under the Missouri Compromise the Louisiana Territory was divided into two parts – one slave, one free. • 4. What were Andrew Jackson’s beliefs and actions regarding the Indian Removal Act?

24. Nullification and the Bank War • Congress increases the Tariff of 1816 • Reduced British exports to U.S. • Britain bought less cotton • South forced to buy Northern goods • Calhoun tries to nullify (make ineffective) the treaty • Each state should determine if an act of Congress was valid • South Carolina threatens to secede (leave) the Union

25. Chapter 3 Section 3 • Manifest Destiny

26. Settling the Frontier • Manifest Destiny = the belief that the United States was ordained (predestined) by God to expand to the Pacific Ocean • Practical reasons • Panic of 1837 • Sante Fe Trail – Missouri to Sante Fe, N. Mexico • Oregon Trail – Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon • 1847 Mormons – NY to Salt Lake City, Utah

27. Texan Independence • Mexican independence 1821 from Spain • American and Mexican settlers move into Texas • Protestant Anglos with slaves vs. Mexicans • Americans move into the Alamo (a mission in San Antonio), declare independence, and all 187 of them are killed • Sam Houston and Texans respond 6 weeks later • “Remember the Alamo” • Houston becomes president of the new Republic of Texas • Texas enters the Union in 1845

28. The War with Mexico • Dispute over Rio Grande or Nueces River • U.S. military goes into Mexican territory • American settlers seize Sonoma, California 1846 • 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • $15 million for California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, parts of Colorado +Wyoming • Gadsen Purchase – small part of Arizona • Establishes current borders of U.S.

29. California Gold Rush • 1848 gold discovered near saw mill near San Francisco • 1849 – population reaches 100,000 (400 in 1848) • Economy grows • Horace Greely, editor of New York Tribune, • “Go west, young man”

30. Section 4 and 5 • Market Revolution and Reforming American Society

31. Market Revolution • People increasingly bought and sold goods rather than make them for themselves • Free enterprise – the freedom of private businesses to operate competitively for profit with little govt. regulation • Entrepreneurs – businessman invest their own money in new industries • 1837 Samuel F.B. Morse invests telegraph • Steam boats, canals, steam-powered trains

33. Market Revolution • More manufacturing jobs -> better goods, more supply-> lower prices • Travel between regions is easier • Northeast becomes industrialized • Lowell textile mills • 12 hour work days for women • Strikes were unsuccessful • National Trades’ Union 1834 • Commonwealth v. Hunt – workers right to strike 1842 • 3 million immigrants 1845-1854 • 1 million Irish immigrants • Catholic + poor

35. Reforming American Society • The Second Great Awakening • Christian movement to awaken religious sentiments (1790s-1830s) • Revival meetings • Unitarians – emphasized reason • Ralph Waldo Emerson • Transcendentalism – truth -> discovered by relating it to one’s own emotional and spiritual experience • The African American Church

36. Reforming American Society • Abolition – 1820s – the movement to free African Americans from slavery • Emigration to Africa • William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator • Immediate emancipation • Fredrick Douglas • No violence • The North Star • Most African Americans in the South were slaves • Nat Turner – slave revolt -> Virginia -> 60 whites die • Bible = used to defend slavery

37. Women and Reform • Abolitionists • Temperance movement – no alcohol • Dorothea Dix – mentally disabled/prison reform • Emma Willard – school for girls in Troy, NY • Elizabeth Cathy Stanton + Lucretia Mott – women’s right convention • Sojourner Truth – former slave