Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

1. Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation Chapter 12

2. I. President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy • Weakness • Army not replaced after Revolutionary War • Surrounded by threats • British controlled Canada, held forts in Ohio Valley • Spain controlled Florida, Louisiana • US had agreed to support France in war • His Policy • Neutrality – US would do nothing to aid Britain or France • US could gain nothing by being involved in other nations - isolationism

3. II. Problem 1: What Should President Adams Do to Protect American Ships? • Jay Treaty • France hoped Britain’s refusal to leave Ohio Valley would lead to war between England and US • With treaty, Britain agreed to pull out • France saw treaty as betrayal and began attacking American ships bound for Britain – seized 316 ships • XYZ Affair • Adams sent 3 envoys to France to end attacks. • Met by 3 agents labeled X, Y, Z saying no peace talks until receiving large sum of money • Congress voted to recruit army of 10,000 and build new ships, authorized private vessels to launch undeclared war on seas – captured 80+ French vessels

4. Jay’s Treaty

5. III. Solution: Adams Pursues Peace • Peace Mission • 1799 – Adams announced he was sending peace mission to France • Napoleon, France’s new leader, was eager to make peace with Britain and US • Ordered an end to seizure of American ships and released captured sailors • Americans agreed not to ask France to help pay for ships seized - government would pay ship owners for lost property • Did cost Adams reelection

6. IV. Problem 2: How Should President Jefferson Deal with Pirates? • Peace Ends • 1803 – France and Britain again at war • Both began seizing American ships • Impressment • Britain kidnapped American sailors to serve in British navy insisting they were British deserters • 1807 – Leopold (British ship) stopped Chesapeake (American ship) to search for deserters • Captain refused • British opened fire killing/wounding 21 Americans • Piracy • Barbary States of North Africa preyed on merchant ships entering Mediterranean Sea, seizing ships and holding for ransom • Presidents Washington and Adams had both paid tribute in exchange for safety of American ships ($2 million by time of Jefferson) • Ruler of Tripoli demanded more and declared war on US

7. V. Solution: Jefferson Solves Half the Problem • War Against Barbary States • 1802 – Jefferson sent warships to Mediterranean to protect ships • 1804 – Americans ships bombarded Tripoli with cannons, running one ashore a) Crew captured and held for ransom • Naval officer led raiding party into Tripoli and set ship afire • Tripoli signed peace treaty with US agreeing to stop demand of tribute. Americans paid $60,000 ransom for kidnapped crew • 1815 – American and European forces finally destroyed all pirate bases • Embargo • 1803-1807 – Britain seized 1000+ American ships, France seized 500+ • Jefferson proposed Embargo Act of 1807 – no foreign ships could enter US ports and no American ships could leave except to trade with other US ports • 55,000 sea men lost jobs • Congress repealed act in 1809 • France and Britain continued to attack

8. VI. Problem 3: What Should President Madison Do to Protect Sailors and Settlers? • New Approach • Offered France and Britain a deal – they stop attacking, US will stop trading with enemy • Napoleon agreed but continued seizing American ships headed for British ports. • Madison cut off trade with Britain • Britain continued seizing and capturing – Madison considers war • Reasons for War • Impressment of American sailors • British stirring up trouble with Native Americans

9. VII. Solution: Madison Launches War of 1812 • Battles on Land and Sea • American forces continually turned back from Canada • 1814 • Napoleon defeated leaving British able to send 15,000 troops to Canada • British invaded Washington DC 1- burned capital and white house, causing President to flee • British attacked Baltimore port 1 – Francis Scott Key watched attack 2- Thrilled to sea American flag still standing in morning

10. VII. Solution: Madison Launches War of 1812 • Battle of New Orleans • 2 days before British defeat in Baltimore, British also defeated in New York • British launched another attack against New Orleans • General Andrew Jackson and 7,000 men (Africans, pirates, Indians) defended New Orleans • 2,000 British killed, only 20 Americans • Battle was really unnecessary because peace treaty signed 2 weeks earlier in Europe • Results • Indian resistance in Northwest weakened • National pride surged • Federalist party badly damaged by opposition to war

11. VIII. Problem 4: What Should President Monroe Do to Support the New Latin American Nations? • Latin America’s Revolutions • Mexico – Hidalgo inspired revolution that lasted 10 years a) 1821 – Mexico won independence from Spain • Venezuela – Bolivar launched revolution in North in 1810 • Argentina – San Martin led revolution in South • 1825 – last Spanish troops driven out • New Latin American Nations • British supported revolutions because Spain had not allowed other nations to trade with its colonies • 1823 – Britain asked US to join in sending message for European leaders to leave Latin America alone

12. IX. Solution: US Issues the Monroe Doctrine • Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Nations of North and South America were “not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers” • US would view efforts by Europeans to take over “ any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety” • Response • Europeans found message arrogant • Americans proud to see US standing up for freedom • Effects on Foreign Policy • Joined isolationism as a basic principle in foreign policy • Asserted that US would not accept European interference in American affairs

13. Monroe Doctrine