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Enlightenment and Revolution

Enlightenment and Revolution. Chapter 22. The Scientific Revolution. Section 1. Nicolaus Copernicus. Studied planetary movements Reasoned that the stars and planets revolve around the sun Idea became known as the heliocentric theory. Johannes Kepler. Brilliant mathematician

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Enlightenment and Revolution

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  1. Enlightenment and Revolution Chapter 22

  2. The Scientific Revolution Section 1

  3. Nicolaus Copernicus • Studied planetary movements • Reasoned that the stars and planets revolve around the sun • Idea became known as the heliocentric theory

  4. Johannes Kepler • Brilliant mathematician • Used the data of Tycho Brahe to prove the accuracy of Copernicus’s ideas about the motion of the planets

  5. Galileo Galilei • Scientific discoveries • Proposed the heliocentric theory • Sun-centered theory • Law of the pendulum • Falling objects accelerate at fixed predictable rates

  6. Francis Bacon • Helped develop the scientific method

  7. Isaac Newton • Great mathematician and physicist • Brought together theories and discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion called the law of universal gravitation • All physical objects are affected equally by the same forces

  8. Zacharias Janssen • Invented the microscope • Made the Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries possible

  9. Scientific Revolution • Caused improvements in medicine and scientific instruments

  10. The Enlightenment in Europe Section 2

  11. Thomas Hobbes • Contradicted the ideas of the U.S. constitution • Social contract • Explained the idea of direct democracy

  12. John Locke • Political thinker • Felt people are reasonable • Supported self-government • Argued that the purpose of government is to protect people’s natural rights • If government can’t protect natural rights- people can overthrow it

  13. Philosophes • Believed in progress for all of society • Used reason to address social issues

  14. Voltaire • Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech • Got him into trouble with the clergy, aristocracy, and the government of France

  15. Montesquieu • Devoted to the study of political liberty • Wrote On the Spirit of the Laws • Proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of a government • Influenced the Constitution • How? • Separation of powers

  16. Rousseau • Had many disagreements with other philosophers • Many philosophers believed that reason, science, and art improved the lives of all people • He argued that civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness

  17. Cesare Beccaria • Greatly influenced criminal law reformers • Argued against the use of torture and other common abuses of justice

  18. Mary Wollstonecraft • Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women • Presented an argument for the education of women • Declared that women should have the same political rights as men

  19. The Enlightenment Spreads Chapter 22.3

  20. Fredrick II (Great) • Ruled Prussia as an enlightenment despot • Supported freedom of worship

  21. Joseph II • Ruled Austria as an enlightened despot • Abolished serfdom

  22. Catherine the Great • Ruled Russia as an enlightened despot • Believed a monarch should have absolute authority* • Gave nobility absolute power over the serfs • Brutally crushed a massive uprising of serfs

  23. The American Revolution Section 4

  24. Thomas Jefferson • Wrote the Declaration of Independence

  25. Constitutional Convention • Occurred after the American Revolution

  26. Articles of Confederation • Created the first national government of the 13 individual states in North America

  27. Congress • Created by the Articles of Confederation

  28. Bill of Rights • Influences • Voltaire • John Locke • Jean Jacques Rousseau

  29. Scientific Revolution • Influenced the American Revolution • How? • Questioned assumptions that led to challenging ideas about government

  30. Enlightenment ideas U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights

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