Enlightenment and Revolution

1. Enlightenment and Revolution

2. The Scientific Revolution • Before 1500, European scholars typically referred only to Greek/Roman authors or the Bible • It was very rare for scholars to go outside of these references

3. The Scientific Revolution • Middle Ages - geocentric universe • Sun, moon, stars and planets seem to go around the Earth • Believed that God made Earth so it must have a deliberate location at the center of the universe

4. The Scientific Revolution • During the mid 1500s scholars began publishing works that challenged the old ideas • introduced a new way of thinking about the natural world • based on careful observation and willingness to question old beliefs

5. The Scientific Revolution • Impact of the Scientific Revolution was influenced by: • travel/trade with Africa, Asia and Americas • printing press • exploration - need for better instruments and ways of locating

6. Copernicus • after 25 years of study, he realized that the Earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric) • was very controversial, not well received by other scholars or clergy • Tycho Brahe studied the mathematical movements • Johannes Kepler proved that the planets orbit in an ellipse

7. Galileo • built on new ideas of astronomy • telescope • Starry Messenger - announced his new ideas about the universe to the public • Jupiter has 4 moons • Earth’s moon is rough and pitted • observations supporting Copernicus • Galileo’s ideas frightened the Church

8. Galileo & the Church • the Church was feared people questioning all teachings • Galileo was warned to keep quiet • he published a book presenting both helio and geo-centric universes • the Pope summoned Galileo to stand trial for his beliefs • on threat of torture, he stated that Copernicus was wrong • died under house arrest • Galileo’s ideas and writings still spread throughout Europe

9. The Scientific Method • gathering and testing of ideas • problem • hypothesis • experimentation / collect data • analysis / interpretation • conclusion • Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped to advance the new idea • both criticized the reliance on old ideas • emphasized logic and experimentation to come up with new ideas

10. Newton • realized that all physical objects were influenced by the same forces in nature • every object in the universe attracts every other object • published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • explained that the universe works like a giant clock

11. Spread of the Revolution • Many inventions and discoveries were being made in different realms • microscope (Janssen- an eyeglass maker) • bacteria and blood cells (Leeuwenhoek) • mercury barometer (Torricelli) • mercury thermometer (Fahrenheit & Celsius) • human anatomy- bones, muscle structure and organs (Vesalius) • smallpox vaccine (Jenner)

12. Chemistry • Robert Boyle - challenged the idea of 4 basic elements • thought all matter was made of smaller particles that could be combined in many ways • Boyle’s Law - relates volume, temperature and gas pressure

13. Galileo - Battle for the Heavens • Who would you have agreed with - tradition or science? • Do you think the Church treated Galileo fairly? • What do you think Galileo should have done, rather than being so arrogant and facetious? pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/galileo-battle-for-the-heavens.html- ch 1 - ch 3 - ch 5a - ch 10

14. The Enlightenment • the Scientific Revolution caused scholars and philosophers to reevaluate old ideas • government • economics • religion • education • This time period became known as the “Age of Reason”

15. The Enlightenment • ideas started by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes • came to very different conclusions on government and human nature

16. Thomas Hobbes • English Civil War convinced Hobbes that all humans are naturally selfish and wicked • “without government there would war… of every man against every man,” • “life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.” • social contract - people create a government • hand over rights in order to gain law and order • Hobbes thought an absolute ruler was best

17. John Locke • believed that people could learn from their experiences and improve themselves • people should govern themselves and look after the welfare of society • natural rights - every human has the right to life, liberty and property • the purpose of government is to protect those rights • citizens have the right to overthrow the government

18. The Philosophes • France, mid 1700s • people who wanted to critique and discuss politics and ideas, believed that reason could be applied to all aspects of life • 5 core concepts • Reason - truth through logic • Nature - natural things are good and reasonable • Happiness - find joy now, not after death • Progress - society can improve • Liberty - rights for citizens

19. Voltaire most influential of the philosophes targeted the clergy, aristocracy and government wrote against prejudice and intolerance Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and speech jailed twice, exiled to England for 2 years Montesquieu studied political liberty, praised the English system of government praised the division of power among the branches of government his system of checks and balances influenced the US Constitution The Philosophes

20. Rousseau thought civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness the only good government was a direct democracy all people are equal, no titles of nobility should exists Beccaria laws exist to preserve order, not punish crimes criticized abuses of justice (torture of suspects, irregular proceedings in trials) wanted to get rid of capital punishment governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people The Philosophes

21. Women and the Enlightenment • While the Philosophes critiques politics and society, many did not address women • Mary Astell - criticized lack of education and unequal relationship between men and women • “if all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?” • Mary Wollstonecraft - thought women should be equally educated, and should participate in medicine and politics

22. Results of the Enlightenment • belief in progress, refusal to accept tradition • more secular outlook • rise of the “individual”

23. Spread of the Enlightenment • Salons - philosophers, writers, artists, scientists and intellectuals met to discuss ideas • hosted by wealthy women • Marie-Therese Geoffrin - most influential hostess • Diderot’s Encyclopedia - financed by Geoffrin • consisted of essays and articles written by Enlightenment thinkers • was originally banned by the Catholic Church • was extremely successful - spread throughout Europe

24. New Artistic Styles • Baroque - music and art style of the 1600s and early 1700s (extremely ornate, elaborate) • Enlightenment influenced a simpler, more elegant style that was influenced by classical Greece and Rome • became known as “neoclassical” • Novels became extremely popular - made plots, used suspense, explored characters

25. Enlightened Despots • Read over pp. 204-205, fill in the handout about the changes the monarchs made.

26. Enlightened Despots