Carbon Based Compounds

1. Carbon Based Compounds Beginning Organic Chemistry

2. The Importance of Carbon • Carbon has four valence electrons • These four electrons have the ability to form four covalent bonds • Carbon consistently bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen. • These molecules make up the building blocks of living things. . .remember CHNOPS!

3. Carbon Compounds • Carbon compounds are also known as organic molecules or organic compounds. • There are four types of organic compounds • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

4. Macromolecules • Macromolecules are GIANT MOLECULES made of many smaller molecules • Macromolecules are also called polymers. • A polymer is when monomers join together • A monomer is the building block of polymers sometimes referred to as small sub-units. • Monomers can be formed by many different types of molecules or they can be formed by identical molecules joining together.

5. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ration of 1:2:1 • For every one carbon atom there are 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

6. Carbohydrates cont’d • A carbohydrate functions as the main source of energy for living things. • In animals it is glucose • In plants its cellulose

7. Carbohydrate cont’d • Carbohydrates can be used for structures in living things. • In plants the cellulose allows plants to be tough, flexible and rigid. • In animals they are formed from the breakdown of your food and are found in the structure of muscles to supply immediate energy to the cell.

8. Carbohydrate cont’d • Single carbohydrates or sugars are called monosaccharides • Polysacharrides are many single sugars combined. • Polysaccharides store excess sugar in glycogen in animals.

9. Lipids • Lipids are groups of molecules that are not soluble in water. • They make fats, oils, and waxes. • Lipids store energy • They are used to help waterproofing • Lipids include steroids

10. Lipids cont’d • Lipids are formed when glycerol and fatty acids combine • The monomer of a lipid is a fatty acid • Two type of Lipids • Saturated fat that contain the maximum number of hydrogen bonds • Unsaturated fats are fats that have at least one carbon double bond

11. Lipids • Lipids are found in various places in the body • Cell membranes • Lining of organs • Under the skin • Part of the skin

12. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids are macromolecules that contain hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. • They are made from monomers known as nucleotides. • Nucleic acids function to store and transmit genetic information. • There are two main types of nucleic acids: • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

13. Nucleic acids cont’d • The four nucleotides that are monomers of nucleic acids are: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. • DNA has a sugar and phosphate backbone with the nucleotides connecting each strand with a hydrogen bond to the corresponding nucleotide on the opposite side. • DNA is found naturally in a state known as the double helix.

14. Nucleic acids cont’d • DNA is the instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell. • RNA is a single strand of sugar, phosphate backbone, with base pairs of uracil, adenine, guanine and cytosine. • RNA reads the genes found in DNA to create proteins.

15. Proteins • Proteins are large molecules that consist of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. • Amino acids build protein molecules through a process called protein synthesis. • Amino acids are formed through the instructions from DNA, being translated into RNA, which in turn codes for a specific amino acid.

16. Proteins cont’d • Proteins form from the amino acids changing their R group. The R group determines how the protein will fold. • Primary structure of a protein forms through chains of amino acids. • Secondary structure of a protein then twist into a helical shape similar to DNA. • Tertiary structure folds and continue to turn. • Quarternary structure forms when multiple polypeptide chains (amino acid chains) combine and intertwine.

17. Proteins cont’d • Proteins have variety of function within cells, the shape is what determines the function. • Proteins function to: • Provide structure • Regulate cell processes • Speed up chemical reactions • Help with transport of molecules within the cell membrane.

18. Organic Molecule Video