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SOL BIOLOGY REVIEW. Everything you wanted to know and then some…. GENERAL INFORMATION. 60 Questions 10 are research questions. You must answer 34 correctly to pass. You must answer 45 correctly to achieve an advance pass. THE BREAKDOWN. Scientific Investigation- 11
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SOL BIOLOGY REVIEW Everything you wanted to know and then some…..
GENERAL INFORMATION • 60 Questions • 10 are research questions. • You must answer 34 correctly to pass. • You must answer 45 correctly to achieve an advance pass
THE BREAKDOWN • Scientific Investigation- 11 • Life at Molecular and Cellular Level- 14 • Life at Systems and Organism Level- 14 • Research questions-10
SOME STRATEGIES • Four responses: The right one, the two really wrong ones and the distractor. • The distractor is almost right. It is basically a trick.
More Strategies • The incredible POE : PROCESS OF ELIMINATION
BOTTOM LINE • ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS • GO AHEAD AND GUESS!
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS UNIT ONE
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • Observations- gathering data using your senses. • Quantitativeobservations: Use numbers • Qualitative Observations: Describe things
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • INFERENCES: gathering data based on previous knowledge
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • USING APPROPRIATESOURCES
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • HYPOTHESIS – an educated guess Must be in IF,Then format • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- the thing that changes in an experiment
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • DEPENDENT VARIABLE- The thing that is changed by the experiment- what will you measure?
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • CONTROL- The variables are compared to the control. For example, the sugar pill given to a group of people
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS • SCIENTIFIC METHOD- a way to standardize the science- 5 steps • 1. Ask a question • 2. Develop a hypothesis • 3. Do the experiment • 4. Gather data • 5. Draw Conclusions
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION • GRAPHING- the independent variable goes on the X axis • The dependent variable goes on the Y axis
UNIT TWO: BIOCHEMISTRY “I thought this was Biology?”
MOLECULES OF LIFE • ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: • MUST HAVE CARBON IN THEM • Exception is CO (carbon monoxide)
MOLECULES OF LIFE • Four Types: • PROTEINS- • Made from amino acids • Used for repair, building and structure • Test: Biuret’s Solution • Made by the Ribosome • Examples: any meat, hair nails
MOLECULES OF LIFE • PROTEINS- • ENZYMES- special type of protein • Speed up reactions • Affected by temp. and pH • Have an active site. • Lock and Key theory
MOLECULES OF LIFE • Carbohydrates: • Two types: • Simple- sugars like those in juice or candy • Complex: like pasta or bagels • 2:1 ratio of C to H • Test with Benedicts • Used for energy
MOLECULES OF LIFE • LIPIDS: • Fats, Waxes and Oils • Saturated- are solid at room temp. Like butter • Unsaturated- liquid at room temp.- olive oil • Test: brown paper • Used for long term storage of energy
MOLECULES OF LIFE • NUCLEIC ACIDS- • Hereditary material • Examples: DNA, RNA • Made up of nucleotides
THE CELL!!! Unit 3
CELLS • HISTORY: • Hooke- named Cells, Cells. Observed cork. • Leewenhook- developed the microscope
CELLS • SCHLEIDEN- says all plants are made of cells • SCHWANN-all animals are made of cells. • VIRCHOW-Cells come from other cells.
CELLS • CELL THEORY- • 1. Cells are the basic unit of life. • 2. Cells come from pre-existing cells • 3.All organisms are made from one or more cells
CELLS • TWO BASIC TYPES • 1. Prokaryotes • Simple • No nucleus or organelles • Example Bacteria :Kingdom Monera • PRO THINK NO!!
Cells • 2. Eukaryotes: • Has a nucleus • Has organelles • More complex • Came from prokaryotes • Examples: Humans, protists
PLANT CELLS • Have a cell Wall • Have a HUGE vacuole- store water • Have a Cell Plate in cell division • Are usually rectangular • Chloroplasts
Animal Cells • Have Centrioles • Cell Membranes • May have Cilia, flagella or pseudopodia
ORGANELLES • Small specialized structures that have special functions within cells.
ORGANELLES • Nucleus- brain of cell • Nucleolous- inside nucleus- makes ribosomes • Chromosomes- inside nucleus- made of DNA- heredity • Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell
ORGANELLES • Lysosome- cleans up the cell • Ribosome- makes protein • Cytoplasm- jelly like stuff inside the cell • E.R.- smooth or rough-with ribosomes- transport
ORGANELLES • Golgi body or apparatus- packages things • Vacuole- storage
CELL MEMBRANE • Fluid Mosaic Model- • Bilayer • Made of Phospho-lipids • Lipids on the inside- hydrophobic • Phosphates on the outside- hydrophillic
CELL MEMBRANE • Purpose: Gate keeper • Semi-Permeable- let’s some things in keeps others out
GETTING THINGS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL MEMBRANE • Holes in the membrane let some things in and out with no problem- like O2 and water • The Proteins help get bigger things across the membrane.
Cell Transport • TWO TYPES • PASSIVE- no energy required. • Examples include Diffusion
CELL TRANSPORT • OSMOSIS-diffusion with water- passive transport
CELL TRANSPORT • ACTIVE TRANSPORT-requires energy • Used to get large molecules into and out of the cell. • Proteins act as channels/tunnels
Cell Transport • EXOCYTOSIS- getting things OUT of the cell
CELL TRANSPORT • ENDOCYTOSIS- getting things INTO the cell
CELL ENERGY • CELL RESPIRATION: • Done by all cells • Done in the mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell. • Method by which the cell gets energy. • ATP- Unit of Energy • C6H12O6 + O2-> ATP
CELL ENERGY • Two types of Cell Respiration: • AEROBIC- • Uses oxygen • Is more efficient-> 32 ATPS • ANAEROBIC-No oxygen • Less efficient-> 8 ATPS
ANAEROBIC: No oxygen Done by yeast Inefficient Produces Alcohol or CO2 AEROBIC: Oxygen Efficient Produces ATPs ANAEROBIC vs. AEROBIC
Cell Respiration Steps • Glycolysis: break sugar down into pyruvic acid. • This happens in BOTH anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Done by plants. • Done in the chloroplast. • CO2 + H2O with sunlight ---- C6H12O6 + O2
RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Take home Message • They are called complementary or opposite reactions to each other. WHY? Because the reactants of one are the products of the other.
CELL REPRODUCTION UNIT 5