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Biology SOL Review

Biology SOL Review. A General Overview. Created by Rhonda Taylor, Menchville High School 2014. Water: Polarity. Caused by unequal sharing of electrons H end is more positively charged & O end is more negatively charged Causes water to be a good solvent (dissolver)

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Biology SOL Review

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  1. Biology SOL Review A General Overview Created by Rhonda Taylor, Menchville High School 2014

  2. Water:Polarity • Caused by unequal sharing of electrons • H end is more positively charged & O end is more negatively charged • Causes water to be a good solvent (dissolver) • Creates Hydrogen bonds

  3. Water: Hydrogen Bonds • Attraction between the positive H of one water molecules & the negative O of another water molecule • Weak bond • Breaks & reforms easily

  4. Other Water Properties • Cohesion – water bonds to water • Adhesion – water bonds to other • Neutral – pH of 7 • Surface Tension – cohesion, adhesion & H bonds resistance to breakage • High Heat Capacity – absorbs a lot of heat before getting hot & takes a long time to lose heat

  5. pH Scale • Shows how Acidic or Basic (Alkaline) something is • Acids: pH 0 – 6.9 • Bases: pH 7.1 – 14 • Neutral: pH 7

  6. Carbohydrates Disaccharides • 2 Monosaccharides bonded together • Ex: Sucrose (table sugar) (glucose + fructose) Monosaccharides • Builds carb molecules • Used by cells for energy • C-H-O in a 1:2:1 ratio • Ex: Glucose C6H12O6 Polysaccharides • 3+ monosaccharides bonded together • Used for long term storage of carbs • Ex: Starch (plants) & Glycogen (animals)

  7. Lipids • Fatty Acids are the building blocks • Examples: Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Fats, Waxes & Oils • Used by the body for: Long Term Energy Storage Building Cell Membrane Insulation Lubrication

  8. Proteins • Made from 20 different Amino Acids • Functions: • Enzymes - speed up chemical reactions • Fight Disease (antibodies) • Build Structures (muscles, hemoglobin) • Polypeptides– many amino acids bonded together = a Protein Molecule

  9. Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides are the building blocks • Examples include: DNA & RNA • Carry genetic code and code for building proteins

  10. Cells & Processes

  11. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Pro no! (Prokaryotic Cells do NOT have a nucleus) Smaller in size, more primitive, EX: Bacteria • Eudo! (Eukaryotic Cells DO have a nucleus) Generally larger in size, & contain complex membrane bound organelles, EX: Plant, Animal, Fungi & Protist Cells

  12. Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell Plant Cells AnimalCells Eukaryotic Rounder Shape NO Cell Wall NO Chloroplasts NO Chlorophyll 1 or more smaller Vacuoles Have Centrioles • Eukaryotic • Boxy Shape • Have a Cell Wall • Have Chloroplasts • Have Chlorophyll • 1 Large Vacuole • NO Centrioles

  13. Cell Organelles

  14. Cell Membrane • Semi-permeable • Phospholipid Bilayer • Protein Channels • Regulates the materials that enter and exit the cell • Diffusion and Osmosis occur thru

  15. Diffusion • Movement of substances (sugar, salt, ions, oxygen, amino acids, wastes, etc) through the cell membrane from higher to lower concentration

  16. Osmosis • The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from higher water concentration to lower water concentration. • Importance to Living Things: • Carries nutrient rich liquid into cells • Balances pressure & concentration • Helps expel wastes • Needed by plants to absorb water from soil

  17. Photosynthesis CO2+ H2O + Sunlight C6H12O6+ O2 • Carried out by plants, some varieties of protistsand some types of bacteria • Occurs in the chloroplasts • Chlorophyll is green pigment that traps light energy

  18. Cellular Respiration O2+ C6H12O6H2O+CO2 + ATP (energy) • Carried out by all living things • Occurs in the Mitochondria • ATPiscreated which is the energymolecule used by cells to do work

  19. DNA

  20. DNAvsRNA • Deoxyribose sugar • Thymine • Double Strand • Double Helix • Contains code for building Proteins • Found in the nucleus • Ribose sugar • Uracil • Single Strand • 3 Types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA • Makes copies of proteins

  21. DNA Technology • Human Genome Project – mapping all human genes on each of our 46 chromosomes • Detection & prevention of genetic disorders & diseases • Advances in Genetic Engineering (insulin, disease resistant fruits & vegetables, medicine) • Eugenics – the practice of improving the genetics of the human race • Cloning – producing genetically identical individuals • Forensics – using DNA evidence for identification purposes

  22. Genetics

  23. Genes: DominantvsRecessive Dominant Genes RecessiveGenes Will only produce the Recessive Phenotypeif both alleles are Recessive. • Produces the Dominant Phenotype whether it’s allele is identical or not.

  24. Punnett Squares Cross a Homozygous Recessive Green EyedMother with a HeterozygousBrown Eyed Father Possibility for Offspring: Genotypes – 50% Bb 50% bb Phenotypes – 50% Brown Eyed 50% Green Eyed

  25. Protein Synthesis

  26. Transcription Inside the Nucleus of the cell where DNA is located • RNA Polymerase enzyme unzips DNA • mRNA makes a copy of the DNA code for building a protein

  27. Translation • mRNA takes the DNA’s protein code to the Ribosome in the cytoplasm • tRNA brings in the Amino Acidsto build the Protein Start codons & Stopcodons tell the RNA where to begin & end when building a Protein

  28. Protein Structure & Function in the Body • Involved in virtually all cell functions • Each protein has a specific role. • Constructed from 20 types of amino acids • Have a distinct 3-D shape (Lock & Key Model) • If shape is altered (Denatured), it won’t function Proteins build many structures in our bodies…

  29. Evolution

  30. Darwin • Developed the Theory of Evolution • Traveled to Galapagos Islandson HMS Beagle • Wrote book: On the Origin of the Species • Found evidence for Evolution with Finches/Beaks

  31. Natural vsArtificialSelection Natural Selection Artificial Selection Process where humans purposely breed or engineer certain traits into populations • Gradual process where traits become more or less common in a population based on their usefulness to survival • A basic mechanism of evolution, along with mutation, migration and genetic drift

  32. Common Ancestry • Common descent could provide a logical basis for classification • Common ancestry between organisms of different species arises during speciation

  33. Evidence for Evolution

  34. Taxonomy

  35. Taxa Taxonomy is the science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups. There are 7 groups or Taxa for classifying organisms.

  36. Binomial Nomenclature: Writing a Scientific Name

  37. Dichotomous Keys System used to identify organisms by answering questions to narrow down characteristics.

  38. Diversity of Life

  39. Viruses • Nonlivingparticles • Made of a protein coat thatsurrounds DNAor RNA(nucleic acid) • Can only reproduce within Host Cells • Lytic Cycle- kills host cell • Lysogenic Cycle – creates a Prophageby putting viral DNA into the Host cell’s DNA; Virus stays dormant for years eventually causing disease later

  40. Example of a Bacteriophage Virus attacking a Bacteria Cell…

  41. Bacteria Eubacteria Archaebacteria Cell wall NO Peptidoglycan Live in extreme or harsh environments (high temperatures, sulfur, volcanoes, no oxygen, salt) Examples: Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles • Cell wall with Peptidoglycan • Found everywhere – very common • Examples: E.Coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus Both share common shapes: Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillus Both share common arrangements: diplo, staphylo, strepto

  42. Protists • Plant-Like, Animal-Like & Fungus-Like • Move using pseudopods, flagellaor cilia • Some don’t move at all • Some are autotrophs & other heterotrophs • Examples: Algae, Amoebas, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates • Can cause diseaseand red tides

  43. Fungi • Some unicellular = yeast = used in baking • Some multicellular = mushroom, mold • Decomposers • Can cause disease– athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm • Reproduce Asexually (budding& spores) or Sexually (Gametangium) • Mutualistic Symbiotic Relationship with plant roots = Mycorrhiza Fungi

  44. Animals

  45. General Animal Characteristics • All Multicellular • All Heterotrophic • All are capable of movementat some point • Reproduce: Sperm + Egg = Zygote • Zygote grows into Blastula& Gastrula • Gastrula produces layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm& Endoderm • Layers develop into organ systems

  46. Invertebrates • No backbone • Very Diverse Phyla: • Sponges • Cnidarians– Jellyfish & coral • Worms – flat, round & segmented • Mollusks – octopus, snails, clams • Arthropods – crabs, insects, spiders • Echinoderms – sand dollars, starfish

  47. Vertebrates • Backbone • Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata • Classes: • Jawless Fish, Bony Fish, Cartilaginous Fish • Amphibians • Reptiles • Birds (Aves) • Mammals

  48. Adaptations • Ectothermic– must get heat from environment • Endothermic – can produce their own body heat • Mammary Glands - milk for babies • Amniotic Egg – has a protective shell

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