1 / 30

THE BLOOD

THE BLOOD. The 3 Main Functions of Blood :. Transportation Protection Regulation Blood is a connective tissue in liquid form Greatest benefit from homeostasis Continuous flow of blood thru 60,000 miles of blood vessels . TRANSPORTATION :. Blood moves thru body where cells receive:

braith
Download Presentation

THE BLOOD

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. THE BLOOD

  2. The 3 Main Functions of Blood: • Transportation • Protection • Regulation • Blood is a connective tissue in liquid form • Greatest benefit from homeostasis • Continuous flow of blood thru 60,000 miles of blood vessels

  3. TRANSPORTATION: • Blood moves thru body where cells receive: • Nutrients from digestive organs • Oxygen from lungs • Hormones secreted from endocrine gland • Cells give blood waste • (CO2, urea & uric acid) & their secretions

  4. Protection: • From harmful microorganism & their toxins • Through Phagocytic white blood cells • Specialized proteins called Antibodies • Against fluid loss after an injury by clotting

  5. Regulation: • Regulates acid-base balance of the body fluids • By way of buffers • Neutralize potential harmful effects of: • too much CO2 • lactic acid • other compounds • Body temp. by cooling or heating parts of body • Controlled by Hypothalamus • Controls volume of blood flow to diff. areas of body Figure This figure highlights some of the major acute (short-term) effects on the body during exercise.

  6. Properties of Blood: • Color • Volume • pH

  7. COLOR • RED COLOR = • HEMOGLOBIN (PIGMENT PROTEIN) • Arterial blood the O2 molecules are chemically bound to hemoglobin • Crimson-red color • Venous blood O2molecules are not as prevalent & blood= • Dark red color w/a slightly bluish tint • SEEN THROUGH SKIN VEINS LOOK GREENISH- BLUE but it is NOT GREEN OR BLUE

  8. VOLUME • 8% OF BODY WEIGHT • Most in vessels--rest in heart • Does not vary much from day to day or year to year • Avg. Male = • 5-6 liters of blood • Avg. Female = • 4-5 liters of blood • Difference due to avg body weight not sex Apx. 8 pints

  9. Blood is thicker, denser, & more adhesive than H2O • Due to formed elements (red blood cells) • Causes blood to flow 5x slower than H2O • Resistance to flow = viscosity • Therefore blood is a viscous substance b/c it resists flow more than water Figure The shear rate dependence of normal human blood viscoelasticity at 2 Hz and 22 °C.

  10. pH • Slightly alkaline (aka: basic) • pH = 7.35-7.45 • Range stays small despite change in: • Diet • Cell secretions • Metabolic rateby buffering systems that remove H+ ions • If buffers fail: • BLOOD TOO ACIDIC (pH below 6.0) • Body cells stop functioning • No homeostasis = Acidosis • Too little acid in blood = Alkalosis (a lot less common) • Possible complications = Arrhythmias, Coma, Electrolyte imbalance (such as hypokalemia)

  11. White Blood Cells-WBC

  12. Leukocytes • Less than 1% of total blood volume • 5000 TO 10,000 in cubic mm • Any change in number… • High or low indicates a disease

  13. Types: • All contain a nucleus • (unlike the RBC’s) • Can wander outside the Circ. System- Diapedesis • WBC cells differ in: • Nature of cytoplasm • Size • Shape of nucleus • Response to different staining techniques • Divided into 2 groups by cytoplasm differences: • Granulocytes • Agranulocytes STOP HERE

  14. Granulocytes • Cytoplasm contains highly visible pebble-like objects, known as granules • Twice the size of RBC’s • They contain a nucleus that is split into sections called lobes • Produced in red marrow

  15. Three types: • Eosinophils • Neutrophils • Basophils • Names come from the type of stain that brings out their distinguishing features→ • Neutral • Eosin • Basic

  16. Neutrophil: • Most abundant = granulocyte • Stain pink in a neutral stain • Nucleus contains: 2 to 5 lobes→ • Interconnected by thin bridges • Make up about 60% of all WBC’s in a normal blood sample

  17. Eosinophils: • 1 to 4% of WBC’s in a normal blood sample • Granules stain red in an acid stain that contains a dye known as eosin • Nucleus = 2 lobes

  18. Eosinophils are: • Not very mobile • Not very active • Can phagocytize certain foreign particles produced by allergic reactions → • Invading parasites • Pollen grains • Mold spores

  19. Basophils: • Most rare→0.5% or less of WBC’s in blood • Large granules that stain blue in basic stain • Nucleus is often bent into an s-shape with 2 lobes

  20. Basophils & Mast cells produce a substance called = histamine • causes swelling or inflammation • Swelling tells other WBC’s where to find the site of infection ***Mast cells reside in tissues in the body, and basophils are in the blood stream. http://link.brightcove.com/services/link/bcpid236059233/bctid347806799

  21. Agranulocytes: • Contain very small amount of cytoplasmic granules • 2 types of cells → • Monocytes • Lymphocytes • Both produced in red bone marrow • Also produced by organs of lymphatic system → • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Thalamus

  22. Monocyte: • Largest cells in blood • 3x larger than RBC’s • 2x larger than granulocytes • Nucleus can be round, oval, or lobed • Often occupies most of the cell volume • 3 to 8% of WBC’s in a blood sample

  23. Lymphocyte: • Same size as the RBC = the smallest WBC • Nucleus is round and large → • Takes up almost all of cell volume • 25-33% of WBC’s in a blood sample

  24. Function: • Protection from disease • Move out of vessels = diapedesis • Once in the intestinal fluid they act like amoeba, extending streams of cytoplasmic arms called = pseudopodia • To find infection they sense chemicals released by invading microorganisms & damages cells

  25. Once found the WBC traps the microorganism and engulfs it = phagocytosis • The primary cells used for phagocytosis ar the neutrophils & monocytes • Neutrophils are mobile & usually arrive 1st at site of infection • Monocytes are very active too, large size allows for phagocytizing whole cells & large # of bacteria

  26. When more WBC’s arrive at the site of infection they form a collection of living—dead—broken cells and plasma = pus • Not only phagocytosis to combat disease: • Highly specific proteinsproduced by the lymphocytes = • Antibodies → • These act against foreign particles and toxins that enter body • Production of antibodies = immunity http://gu.com/p/2kntv

  27. Platelets: • Aka → Thrombocytes • Formed elements that are fragments of complex cells • During development in red bone marrow, they are formed when a large precursor cell breaks apart • In small fragments platelets are released into blood stream for circulation

  28. Larger fragments are broken down further to form more platelets • Each platelet contains: • Cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane • No nucleus but most organelles found in cytoplasm • 1/10 the size of a RBC • Shape = round or oval disk

  29. 150,000 to 360,000 platelets per cubic mm in normal blood sample = less numerous than RBC • Prevention of fluid loss • Initiate the formation of blood clots • This plugs up the breaks in the blood vessel wall after an injury

More Related