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The Blood

The Blood. Transport oxygen, and nutrients to body tissues Remove CO2 and metabolic wastes from body tissues Regulates bodies Ph levels and ion concentrations Maintenance of body temp (absorbs and distributes heat). Restriction of fluid loss at injury sites (initiates the clotting process)

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The Blood

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  1. The Blood

  2. Transport oxygen, and nutrients to body tissues Remove CO2 and metabolic wastes from body tissues Regulates bodies Ph levels and ion concentrations Maintenance of body temp (absorbs and distributes heat) Restriction of fluid loss at injury sites (initiates the clotting process) Defense against toxins and pathogens White Blood Cells (WBC) fight infections Antibodies fight specific pathogens or organisms Blood Functions

  3. Blood Composition • Plasma: Liquid part of blood • Slightly thicker than water • Formed Elements: • Red Blood Cells • White Blood Cells • Platelets

  4. Formed Elements (RBC/Erythrocytes) • Biconcave disks (see pic.) • Contain Hemoglobin • Heme: Contains iron and binds O2 • Globin: Binds CO2 • Most abundant of the formed elements • 4.8 million/mm3 of blood in females • 5.4 million/mm3 of blood in males

  5. Formed Elements: RBC • Live 120 days • Wear and tear of transport • Erythropoeisis is the formation of RBC’s (within RED Bone Marrow) • Broken down in spleen and liver • If destruction and creation aren’t equal = Anemia

  6. Iron Deficient Anemia Anemic Blood Normal Blood

  7. Formed Elements: RBC • Hemoglobin: • Broken into heme and bilirubin (yellow pigment) • Jaundice: Can’t metabolize and excrete bilirubin efficiently. • Get a build up of yellow pigment within the bodies tissues (skin and eyes primarily)

  8. Jaundice Icterus: Jaundice of Sclera

  9. Formed Elements: White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) • Six different types of leukocytes • All function to protect the body against infection (immune system) • Produced in the White Bone Marrow

  10. Formed Elements: WBC • Leukocytes are destroyed and replaced daily • 5-10 thousand/mm3 of blood (normal) • >10,000 = Infection • Leukemia is an excess in WBC • <5,000 = Leucopenia (can’t fight infections)

  11. Formed Elements: Platelets (thrombocytes) • Membrane bound particles that house enzymes for clotting.

  12. Formed Elements: Platelets • Number: 250-400,000/mm3 of blood • Production: Red bone marrow • Structure: Disc shaped with no nucleus • Function: Blood clotting • Lifespan: 5-9 days

  13. Formed Elements

  14. Hematocrit • The percentage of a blood sample that is made up of formed elements • 46% in men • 42% in women • Upwards of 55% in athletes who are blood doping

  15. Hemostasis/Blood Clotting • 3 Phases • Vascular Phase: Vascular spasms at the site of injury • Lasts for 30 minuets after injury • Blood vessels constrict (restrict blood flow) • Platelets begin releasing local hormones causing endothelial cells at injury site to become sticky • Spasm is a reflex triggered by pain receptors at injury site

  16. Hemostasis • Platelet Phase: • Platelets begin to stick to endothelial and collagen fibers exposed by wound • More and more platelets arrive and stick together forming a “platelet plug” (not a clot yet) • Begins within 15 seconds of injury

  17. Hemostasis • Coagulation Phase: • Begins 30 seconds after injury • Fibrinogen within plasma is formed into insoluble fibrin. • Fibrin forms into “mesh-like” network that catches passing blood cells and platelets. • Blood Clot is formed

  18. Blood Clot Formation

  19. Clotting Diseases • Hemophilia: • Inherited disease • Lack of clotting factors (chemicals) • Blood cannot clot properly

  20. Clotting Diseases • Sickle Cell Anemia: • Production of abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in “sickle” shaped red blood cells • Low oxygen carrying capacity • Most predominant in African Americans • RBC tangle together and form clots within the body

  21. Blood Typing • Blood type is determined by ANTIGENS on the surface of RBC’s. • Blood type refers to antigens that are on your RBC’s • There are over 50 surface antigens • We predominantly use 3 • A • B • Rh factor

  22. Blood Typing • Surface Antigens • If you have an antigen on your RBC’c you do not have the antibody. • Ex. Type A: • Has A antigens • Does not have B antigens • Does not have A antibodies • Does have B Antibodies • Antigens are on RBC’s, antibodies are in the plasma

  23. Blood Typing • If both antibodies and antigens are present agglutination occurs. • This is the “clumping” of blood when the antibodies and antigens combine. • Ex. Type A blood has A antigens, if combined with type B blood or AB blood, agglutination occurs because type B blood has type B antigens.

  24. Blood Typing • Type A Blood: • Type B Blood: • Type AB Blood: Universal receiver (no antibodies to cause agglutination. • Type O Blood: Universal donor (no antigens for receivers antibodies to agglutinate with)

  25. Blood Typing • Rh factor: • Rh– :no antibodies unless previously exposed to Rh factor through injection, pregnancy, etc… • If mom has a second Rh+ baby, second baby’s blood will agglutinate as a result of mom’s Rh antibodies, which were formed when mom was exposed to her first child’s Rh+ blood. • Cannot cross Rh- and Rh+

  26. Blood Typing • Type A: 40% • Type B: 10% • Type AB: 4% • Type O: 46% • Rh+ : 85% • Rh- : 15% • What are the overall most common and least common blood types???

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