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Introduction to Blood: Functions, Composition, and Clotting Mechanism

This chapter provides an overview of blood, including its specialized connective tissue nature, functions such as transport and regulation, classification of blood cells, composition of plasma, formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis, and the clotting mechanism. It also discusses the different blood groups, including the ABO and Rh groups.

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Introduction to Blood: Functions, Composition, and Clotting Mechanism

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  1. Chapter 13 The Blood

  2. Introduction • Specialized connective tissue • Plasma: fluid part (55%) • Formed blood cells (45%) • Erythrocytes • Leukocytes • Thrombocytes

  3. Functions of the Blood

  4. Functions of the Blood (cont’d.) • Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones • Regulates: body pH, body temperature • Clotting mechanism • Protection against foreign microbes and toxins • Osmosis

  5. The Classification of Blood Cells and the Composition of Plasma

  6. The Classification of Blood Cells • Erythrocytes (RBCs) • 95% of the volume of blood cells • Leukocytes (WBCs) • Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils • Agranular: monocytes, lymphocytes • Thrombocytes: platelets

  7. The Composition of Plasma • Fluid portion of blood is 91% water • Plasma proteins: 7% • Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen • Plasma solutes: 2% • Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, hormones

  8. Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis

  9. Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis (cont’d.) • Produced in red bone marrow • Lymphocytes and monocytes produced by • Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils • Stem cells: undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

  10. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions

  11. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) • Erythrocytes • Biconcave disks • No nucleus • Contain hemoglobin • Heme: binds O2 • Globin: binds CO2

  12. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) • Granular leukocytes • Neutrophils • Phagocytize foreign substances • Eosinophils • Produce antihistamines • Basophils • Produce heparin, histamine, serotonin

  13. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) • Agranular leukocytes • Monocytes • Phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris • Macrophages: in tissues • Lymphocytes • T lymphocytes • B lymphocytes

  14. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) • Thrombocytes or platelets • Disk-shaped cellular fragments with a nucleus • Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels damaged • Produced from large megakaryocytes

  15. The Clotting Mechanism

  16. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.) Ruptured blood vessel attracts Thrombocytes  Damaged tissue releases Thromboplastin  Thromboplastin + Ca+, ions, and proteins Prothrombin activator + Ca+  Prothrombin  Thrombin  Fibrinogen  Fibrin

  17. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.) • Clot • Fibrin forms long threads acting like a net • Platelets get enmeshed • Syneresis: clot retraction • Fibrinolysis: dissolution of blood clot

  18. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.) • Thrombosis: unwanted clotting • Embolus: circulating blood clot • Infarction • Tissues killed as a result of loss of blood supply

  19. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)

  20. Animation – Blood Click Here to Play Blood Animation

  21. The Blood Groups

  22. Introduction • Human blood is of different types • Only certain combinations are compatible • Agglutination: clumping of RBCs • Occurs when blood groups mismatched • Transfusion reaction

  23. The ABO Blood Group • Type A • Anti-B antibodies • Type B • Anti-A antibodies • Type AB • No antibodies

  24. The ABO Blood Group (cont’d.) • Type O • Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

  25. The Rh Blood Group • Eight Rh antigens • Antigen D: most important • Anti-Rh antibodies develop after exposure • Rh-negative mother carrying Rh-positive baby • Erythroblastosis fetalis • RhoGAM - protects Rh-positive fetus

  26. Summary • Described the functions of blood • Classified blood cells into different groups based on anatomy and function • Discussed how and where blood cells are formed • Explained the clotting mechanism • Named the different blood groups

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