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The Blood

Chapter 13. The Blood. Introduction. Specialized connective tissue Plasma: fluid part (55%) Formed blood cells (45%) Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes. Functions of the Blood. Functions of the Blood (cont’d.). Transports: O 2 , CO 2 , nutrients, waste, hormones

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The Blood

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  1. Chapter 13 The Blood

  2. Introduction • Specialized connective tissue • Plasma: fluid part (55%) • Formed blood cells (45%) • Erythrocytes • Leukocytes • Thrombocytes

  3. Functions of the Blood

  4. Functions of the Blood (cont’d.) • Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones • Regulates: body pH, body temperature • Clotting mechanism • Protection against foreign microbes and toxins • Osmosis

  5. The Classification of Blood Cells and the Composition of Plasma

  6. The Classification of Blood Cells • Erythrocytes (RBCs) • 95% of the volume of blood cells • Leukocytes (WBCs) • Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils • Agranular: monocytes, lymphocytes • Thrombocytes: platelets

  7. The Composition of Plasma • Fluid portion of blood is 91% water • Plasma proteins: 7% • Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen • Plasma solutes: 2% • Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, hormones

  8. Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis

  9. Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis (cont’d.) • Produced in red bone marrow • Lymphocytes and monocytes produced by • Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils • Stem cells: undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

  10. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions

  11. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) • Erythrocytes • Biconcave disks • No nucleus • Contain hemoglobin • Heme: binds O2 • Globin: binds CO2

  12. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) • Granular leukocytes • Neutrophils • Phagocytize foreign substances • Eosinophils • Produce antihistamines • Basophils • Produce heparin, histamine, serotonin

  13. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) • Agranular leukocytes • Monocytes • Phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris • Macrophages: in tissues • Lymphocytes • T lymphocytes • B lymphocytes

  14. Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.) • Thrombocytes or platelets • Disk-shaped cellular fragments with a nucleus • Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels damaged • Produced from large megakaryocytes

  15. The Clotting Mechanism

  16. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.) Ruptured blood vessel attracts Thrombocytes  Damaged tissue releases Thromboplastin  Thromboplastin + Ca+, ions, and proteins Prothrombin activator + Ca+  Prothrombin  Thrombin  Fibrinogen  Fibrin

  17. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.) • Clot • Fibrin forms long threads acting like a net • Platelets get enmeshed • Syneresis: clot retraction • Fibrinolysis: dissolution of blood clot

  18. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.) • Thrombosis: unwanted clotting • Embolus: circulating blood clot • Infarction • Tissues killed as a result of loss of blood supply

  19. The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)

  20. Animation – Blood Click Here to Play Blood Animation

  21. The Blood Groups

  22. Introduction • Human blood is of different types • Only certain combinations are compatible • Agglutination: clumping of RBCs • Occurs when blood groups mismatched • Transfusion reaction

  23. The ABO Blood Group • Type A • Anti-B antibodies • Type B • Anti-A antibodies • Type AB • No antibodies

  24. The ABO Blood Group (cont’d.) • Type O • Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

  25. The Rh Blood Group • Eight Rh antigens • Antigen D: most important • Anti-Rh antibodies develop after exposure • Rh-negative mother carrying Rh-positive baby • Erythroblastosis fetalis • RhoGAM - protects Rh-positive fetus

  26. Summary • Described the functions of blood • Classified blood cells into different groups based on anatomy and function • Discussed how and where blood cells are formed • Explained the clotting mechanism • Named the different blood groups

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