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The Blood

The Blood. Ch. 19. Objectives. Describe the functions of the blood. Describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood. Blood. Blood – connective tissue composed of a liquid matrix called blood plasma that dissolves and suspends cells and cell fragments. Blood Functions.

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The Blood

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  1. The Blood Ch. 19

  2. Objectives • Describe the functions of the blood. • Describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood.

  3. Blood • Blood – connective tissue composed of a liquid matrix called blood plasma that dissolves and suspends cells and cell fragments

  4. Blood Functions • Transportation • Oxygen from lungs to body cells • Carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs • Nutrients from GI tract to body cells • Hormones to body cells • Helps eliminate heat • Regulation • Regulates pH • Temperature • Osmotic control of cells • Protection • Clotting • White blood cells - disease

  5. Components of Blood • Blood plasma – (55%) extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances • Straw-colored liquid, mostly water, some proteins (antibodies) • Formed elements (45%) – cells and cell fragments • RBCs, WBCs, and platelets • If blood is centrifuged – cells sink to the bottom

  6. Components of Blood

  7. Red Blood Cells • Erythrocytes • Contain hemoglobin • Oxygen-carrying protein • Function in oxygen/carbon dioxide gas exchange

  8. White Blood Cells • Have nuclei, do not contain hemoglobin • Different types • Eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte • Function in fighting infection, invaders, sometimes own cells (auto-immune disorders) • Cells leave blood vessels by squeezing between endothelial or epithelial tissue • Use enzymes or phagocytosis to destroy bacteria

  9. WBC

  10. Platelets • Stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels by forming a platelet plug • Then release proteins that promote blood clotting • Usually live 5-9 days

  11. Platelets

  12. Review • What are the functions of blood? • What are the physical characteristics of blood? • What are the primary components of blood and what do they do?

  13. Objectives • Distinguish between ABO and Rh blood groups. • Explain why it is so important to match donor and recipient bloody types before administering a transfusion.

  14. Blood Types • Blood cells have surface markers called antigens • ABO Blood Group • RBC with A antigens – A blood type • RBC with B antigens – B blood type • RBC with A and B antigens – AB blood type • RBC with no antigens – O blood type

  15. Blood Types • Blood plasma contains proteins called antibodies • Antibodies will react with antigens if mixed • Type A blood – A antigens, anti-B antibodies • Type B blood – B antigens, anti-A antibodies • Type AB blood – A and B antigens, no antibodies • Type O blood – no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies

  16. Blood Types

  17. Transfusions • Transfusion – transfer of whole blood or blood components (RBC or plasma) • Agglutination – clumping of RBCs, hemolysis occurs, kidney damage and death can result • This only causes problems between recipient antibodies and donor antigens • Donor antibodies become diluted in blood plasma • Example • (recipient) A person receives blood from (donor) B person • Recipients blood contains anti-B antibodies • Donor’s blood contains B antigens • Antigen/antibody complex forms

  18. Who can donate/receive to/from who?

  19. Rh Blood Group • Antigen was discovered in the rhesus monkey • Rh+ people have the Rh antigen, Rh- people do not have the Rh antigen • People do not naturally have anti-Rh antibodies • If Rh- person receives blood from Rh+ person, immune system will make anti-Rh antibodies • If they receive Rh+ blood again, the anti-Rh antibodies will cause agglutination

  20. Who can donate/receive to/from who? • + should not be given to – • + can receive + or – • - can give to + or – • Universal donor – O- • Universal recipient – AB+

  21. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN) • Fetal blood can cross placenta into maternal blood stream • If baby is Rh+ and mother is Rh-, mother’s immune system starts making anti-Rh antibodies • During the next pregnancy the antibodies can cross into the fetal blood • If the second fetus is Rh+, agglutination can occur

  22. HDN

  23. Review • What are the different blood groups? Which antigens/antibodies does each group have? • Why does this matter during transfusions? • What is HDN? How is it caused?

  24. Review of Inheritance • Blood type Punnett squares • Rh Punnettsquares – Rh+ is dominant to Rh- • Rh+ could have Rh+/Rh+ • Rh + could have Rh+/Rh- • Rh- must be Rh-/Rh-

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