In English there are four participles: present active and passive and

1. In English there are four participles: present active and passive and perfect active and passive. In Latin there are three participles: present active, perfect passive, and future active. Latin Present Active Participle (Page 282) Present Stem + ns (Nom.) ntis (Gen.) Verb Stem + ns, ntis = Present Active Participle 1st voco vocare voca + ns, ntis = vocans vocantiscalling, while calling 2nd moneo monere mone + ns, ntis = monens monentiswarning, while warning 3rd rego regere rege + ns, ntis = regens regentisruling, while ruling 3rd capio capere capie + ns, ntis = capiens capientistaking, while taking 4th audio audire audie + ns, ntis = audiens audientishearing, while hearing The Present Active Participle is declined as a third declension “i” stem with the exception of e in the ablative singular, all genders.

2. Present Active Participle voco vocarecall Present Active Participle = vocans vocantiscalling, while calling Nom. vocans vocans Gen. vocantis vocantis Dat. vocanti vocanti Acc. vocantem vocans Abl. vocante vocante Nom. vocantes vocantia Gen. vocantium vocantium Dat.. vocantibus vocantibus Acc. vocantes vocantia Abl. vocantibus vocantibus calling, while calling

3. Participial Phrase with a Present Participle Multi homines in silvam fugientescapti sunt. Simple Translation Many men fleeing into the forestwere captured. Many men while fleeing into the forestwere captured. Clause Translation Many menwere capturedwhile they were fleeing into the forest. Many menwere capturedas they were fleeing into the forest. Many menwere capturedwhen they were fleeing into the forest. Many men who were fleeing into the forestwere captured.

4. Review of Indirect Statement (Indirect Discourse) (Page 278) • In Latin when a simple statement is indirectly quoted, the verb is changed • from the indicative mood in the direct statement to the infinitive in the indirect • statement, and the subject is changed from the nominative to the accusative • case. • Direct statement: Vir ambulat. The man is walking. • Indirect statement: Dicit virum ambulare. He says that the man • is walking. • Difference between English and Latin Indirect Statement • English Latin • The verb is finite. The verb is in the infinitive. • The introductory word that is used. There is no introductory word. • The subject is in the nominative case. The subject is in accusative case.

5. Nota Bene: (Page 278) Indirect Statements usually follow verbs of mental action, such as say, tell, know, think, hear, perceive, and the like. These verbs should be memorized: dico (3), say, tellscio (4), know nuntio (1), announce, tell puto (1), thinkaudio (4), hear sentio (4), feel, perceive nego (1), say not, denyvideo (2), see existimo (1), think intellego (3), understandspero (1) hopedemonstro (1), show Sequence of Tenses for Indirect Statement The present infinitive denotes the same time as the main verb; The perfect infinitive denotes time before that of the main verb; The future infinitive denotes time after that of the main verb.

6. 1. Because of envyPompey, knowing the facts, saidhe would destroyCaesar. Propter invidiamPompejus facta sciensseCaesaremdeleturum esse dixit. 2. DidCaesareverknow that a conspiracyhad been formed? SciebatneumquamCaesarconjurationemfactam esse? Scivitne 3. Did we not showabove that Pompeywas defeatedin a war? NonnesuprademonstravimusPompejumin bellovictum esse. bello