Functional Groups

Functional Groups IB

Objectives • Concepts: • –Functional group, alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, amine, amide, halogenoalkane • –Primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol, primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, • Skills: • –Draw and state names of the compounds containing up to six carbon atoms with the following functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, alcohol, amide, amine, ester and halogenoalkane.

Functional Groups • As has already been indicated, alkanes are relatively unreactive. • For an organic molecule to be reactive it needs something additional. • A site of reactivity in an organic molecule is called a functional group. • C=C double is a functional group. • Other functional groups contain elements other than C or H, notably O, N and Cl.

Functional Group • A functional group could be an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.

H H H C C H H H alkanes • Only carbon and hydrogen • All single bonds • Their names end with -ane Ethane

H H C C H H alkenes • Only carbon and hydrogen • A carbon to carbon double bond • Their names end with -ene Ethene

H H C C alkynes • Only carbon and hydrogen • A carbon to carbon triple bond • Their names end with -yne Ethyne

H H C O H H C H H alcohols • Only one oxygen • Has an O-H group • Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton • They are named as alkanol Ethanol

H H O H H H H C C C H C O H H C H H H H H • Primary alcohol H H O H H C C C H H H C H3 • Tertiary alcohol • Secondary alcohol

H O H C C H H aldehydes • Only one oxygen • Has a C=O group • C=O group is at the end of the carbon chain, so is next door to a hydrogen atom • They are named as alkanal Ethanal

H O H H C C C H H H ketones • Only one oxygen • Has a C=O group • C=O group is not at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons • They are named as alkanone Propanone

H O H H C C O C H H H esters • Has 2 oxygens • One oxygen is part of a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons. • They are named as Alkylalkanoate Methylethanoate

H O H C C O H H carboxylicacids • Has 2 oxygens • Has O-H and C=O groups on the same carbon atom • This -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain. • They are named as alkanoic acid Ethanoic acid

H H H H C C O C H H H H ether • Has 1 oxygen • No O-H or C=O group • The oxygen is sandwiched between two carbon atoms • Their names end with -ether Ethylmethylether

H H C N H H C H H Amines • Contain Nitrogen • Has an –NH2 group • Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to the number of carbon atoms connected to the N • They are named as alkyl amine H Ethylamine

H O H C C H Amide • Has NH2 and C=O groups on the same carbon atom • They are named asalkanamide N H H Ethanamide

H H H C C Cl H H Haloalkanes • Have the general formula R-X where R is an alkyl group and X is a halogen • They are named as haloalkanes Chloroethane

H H C C H H What family does it belong to?

H O H C C H H What family does it belong to?

H H O H H C C C H H H H What family does it belong to?

H H H C O C H H H What family does it belong to?

H O H H C C O C H H H What family does it belong to?

H O H H C C C H H H What family does it belong to?

H H O H C C C O H H H What family does it belong to?

H H C H H H C C O H H H C H H What family does it belong to?

Functional Groups