INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THE THREE 18TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS • WHY? • BECAUSE IT TRANSFORMED EVERYTHING IT TOUCHED • Changed work patterns • Transformed European social structure • Altered international balance of power • Caused population explosion • Provoked rapid growth of cities • Sparked advancements in science, medicine, and agriculture • HELPED CREATE THE MODERN WORLD

2. WHY ENGLAND? • ENGLAND POSSESSED EXPANDING MARKET FOR MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS • Colonies • Agricultural Revolution • Resulted in large harvests, bountiful food supplies, relatively inexpensive food • Createddiscretionary income(money left over after paying for necessities) • Spent discretionary income on small purchases of manufactured items ( shoes, cloth, small metal products) • Small purchases added up to expanding market for manufactured goods

3. OTHER FACTORS • Cheap transportation • Effective central bank and well-developed credit facilities • Stable and predictable government

4. COTTON TEXTILES • FIRST SECTOR TO INDUSTRIALIZE • DOMESTIC SYSTEM • Also called “cottage industry” or “putting-out industry • Everything done by hand • People worked in their spare time from agricultural work • People worked in family units at home • Merchants dropped off raw materials and picked up finished product each week • Inefficient because of lack of supervision of workers • COULD NOT MEET ESCALATING DEMAND FOR COTTON PRODUCTS AFTER 1700

5. FIRST MACHINES • DEVELOPED IN RESPONSE TO NEED TO BOOST COTTON TEXTILE PRODUCTION TO MEET RISING DEMAND • SPINNING JENNY • Big and clunky • Water powered • Could spin 300-400 spools of cotton thread simultaneously • POWER LOOM • Big and clunky • Water powered • Could do the work it took 100 hand loom workers a day to do in one hours

6. THE COTTON MILLS • Machines were to big, too expensive, and required regular operation—could not be adapted to domestic system • Had to be located in large, central location that met power and size requirements and where workers could be supervised • Birth of factories • Mechanized production made cotton products cheaper, thereby stimulating demand, thereby encouraging development of more and better machines and bigger factories— birth of the Industrial Revolution

7. SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • DRAWBACKS OF WATER POWER • Restricted location of factories • Restricted size of machines • Left production at the mercy of elements • SOLUTION: THE STEAM ENGINE • James Watt • More reliable, flexible power source • Stimulated iron and coal industries and promoted them to industrialize

8. THE LOCOMOTIVE • INVENTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE • George Stephenson (1830) • Resulted in construction of rail network • Reduced shipping costs • More stimulus for iron, coal, and steam engine industries • Created unified national market for manufactured products

9. WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD • By 1850, England dominated world production of coal, iron, and cotton textiles • Had phenomenal annual growth rate • Had fasted growing population in Europe • Increasingly concentrated in cities • Industrial Revolution made Great Britain the first modern nation • Urban, industrial, wealthy, and militarily powerful Crystal Palace Exhibition

10. INTERNATIONAL GROWTH • Industrialization spread throughout western world once others realized its benefits • Belgium (1830s) • France (1840s) • Germany and United States (1860s) • Sweden, Japan, and Russia (1870s) • Brazil, South Africa, China, South Korea, India, and others (20th century)

11. DOWNSIDE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, IN THE LONG TERM, BENEFITTED THE COMMON MAN • Higher standard of living • Longer life expectancy • Better chance for social mobility • In general, a better quality of life • BUT IN THE SHORT TERM IT CREATED A VAST ARRAY OF NEW SOCIAL PROBLEMS • Tremendous upheaval in lives of early industrial workers • Ripped people out of their traditional ways of living and working • Threw into a new world for which they were unprepared and hence exploited • AS A RESULT OF NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES WITH EARLY INDUSTRIALIZATION, MANY WORKERS TURNED TO SOCIALISM FOR AN ALTERNATIVE

12. LABOR PROBLEMS • DOMESTIC SYSTEM • Laid-back system, families worked together, no supervision, no set schedules, and no set work pace • People worked when and as fast as they wanted to • FACTORY SYSTEM • Had to show up on time everyday and work steadily at pace set by machine • Could only take breaks at predetermined time • Had to adjust your life to the strict discipline of industrial production

13. CHILD LABOR • Adults refused to work in factories because they appeared hideous, inhuman places • CHILD LABOR • Orphans were terribly exploited • Situation was so bad that Parliament finally intervened and regulated child labor

14. URBAN SQUALOR

15. SOCIALISM • General socialist argument • Capitalism made a few people very rich but kept most people poor and miserable • Capitalism was unjust system • Early socialist schemes • “Utopian” communities (La Reunion) • Nationalization of industry • Violent revolutions • Replace unbridled competition with cooperation • Abolition of private property • Flaws • Misunderstood human nature • Wanted to “turn back clock” to days before industrial revolution Charles Fourier Robert Owen

16. SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM (MARXISM) Frederick Engels Karl Marx • Published Communist Manifesto in 1848 • Corrected flaws in early socialism and proved it was workable and inevitable

17. FUNDAMENTALS OF MARXISM I • Human history characterized by one class exploiting another • Class—a social group bound together by common economic activity and interests • Ancient World • Slaveowners exploit slaves • Feudal Age • Nobles exploit commoners • Capitalist (modern) Age • Bourgeoisie exploits proletariat

18. FUNDAMENTALS OF MARXISM II • Industrialization would eventually create conditions for the overthrow of bourgeoisie by proletariat • By making bourgeoisie richer and smaller in number • By making proletariat poorer and larger in number • Creates “class consciousness” among proletariat—the realization that they are being exploited by the bourgeoisie and the desire to do something about it • Result? • Revolution by proletariat • Creation of communist society– heaven on earth where there are no classes and no exploitation

19. INACCURATE PREDICTIONS • Marxist regimes that have been established are hardly “heavens on earth” • Former Soviet Union, China, Cuba, North Korea • Most of the industrial world is still capitalist • No proletarian revolutions in sight • But Marxism does provide some insight into the extreme concern some had with the social ramifications of capitalism and industrializations during the early Industrial Revolution