Anatomical Positions, Reference Planes and Movements

1. Anatomical Positions, Reference Planes and Movements

2. Anatomical PositionsThe Skeletal System • Skeletal system consists of: • Bones • Cartilages and • Joints • Formed by attachments to each other by connective tissue • Three types of tissues • Bone tissue • Cartilage tissue • Hemopoietic tissues • Responsible for forming blood cells Tayyari, F., Smith, J., (2003). Occupational Ergonomics: Principals and applications. Kluwar Academic Publishers.

3. Anatomical PositionsThe Skeletal System • Function of bones • Support body framework • Provide shell to protect vital organs • Allow movement of the body • Housing bone marrow • Produces red blood cells • Storing calcium and phosphorus Tayyari, F., Smith, J., (2003). Occupational Ergonomics: Principals and applications. Kluwar Academic Publishers.

4. Anatomical PositionsThe Skeletal System Upper Extremities • Long bones • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Metacarpals • Phalanges • Short bones • Carpals

5. Anatomical PositionsThe Skeletal System Lower Extremities • Long bones • Femur • Tibia • Fibula • Pelvic Bone

6. Anatomical PositionsThe Skeletal System Shoulder and Chest Acromion Sternum Scapula Clavical

7. Anatomical PositionsThe Skeletal System Pelvis Ischial Tuberosity Illiac Crest Right Bone Pelvic Male Pelvic Girdle

8. Anatomical PositionsBasic Terminology Tayyari, F., Smith, J., (2003). Occupational Ergonomics: Principals and applications. Kluwar Academic Publishers.

9. Anatomical PositionsBasic Terminology Reference Planes • Sagittal plane • Mid sagittal (median) plane • Coronal (frontal) plane • Transverse plane • Oblique plane Tayyari, F., Smith, J., (2003). Occupational Ergonomics: Principals and applications. Kluwar Academic Publishers.

10. Frontal (Coronal )planedivides the body into front and back halves • Saggital düzlemdivides the body into left and right halves • Transversal düzlemdivides the body into superior and inferior halves

12. Joint Range of Motion • Flexion • Movement which decreases angle between two bones • Extension • Stretching or straightening which increases angle between two bones

13. Joint Range of Motion (Adapted from I. A. Kapandji. The Physiology of the Joint, 1970, p. 105)

14. Joint Range of Motion • Radial Deviation • “Abduction of wrist” • Movement of the finger toward the radius (Moving wrist towards “thumb side”) • Ulnar Deviation • “ADductionof wrist” • Movement of the finger toward the ulnar (MOVING WRIST TOWARDS “PINKIE SIDE) Freivalds A., (2009) . Niebel’s Methods, Standards, and Work Design. McGraw-Hill

15. Joint Range of Motion • Abduction • Movement away laterally from the central axis of the body • Adduction • Movement toward the central axis of the body Freivalds A., (2009) . Niebel’s Methods, Standards, and Work Design. McGraw-Hill

16. Joint Range of Motion Sirkumdüksiyon, kolveyabacağın, tepesieklemnoktasındaolan, kaidesiiseuzunserbestucutarafındançizilendairetarafındanoluşanbirkoniçizerşekildehavadasallanmasıdır. • Circumduction • An action which involves • Flexion • Extension • Abduction • Extension • Adduction in sequence Freivalds A., (2009) . Niebel’s Methods, Standards, and Work Design. McGraw-Hill

17. Joint Range of Motion Pheasant, S., Haslegrave, C., (2006). Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics, and the Design of Work. Taylor and Francis Group.

18. Joint Range of Motion Ulnar Deviation (Transverseplane) Gonyometre- Goniometer Wrist Flexion (Sagittalplane)

19. Factors Affecting MuscleStrength • Environmentalfactors • Altitude • Acceleration • Biologicalfactors • Age • Gender • Race • Bodybuild • Bodyposition • Handedness • Fatigue • Exercise • Psychologicalfactors • Motivation • Emotionalstate • Occupationalfactors • Occupation • Clothing and personalequipment • Workplaceequipment • Health • Diet • Drugs - Diurnalvariations