Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution Causes, industries, the exploitation of children, work conditions and where IR did not penetrate Jennifer Sedmak [gjsedmak@yahoo.com]

2. Create Cornell NOTES Write the RED Questions in the RIGHT MARGIN Listen and look at the slide, but don’t COPY notes – write notes to help answer the question & any stories, drawings, notes that will help you understand

3. What caused the IR? Population explosion (earlier marriages, high birthrates, resistance to disease) – more children! 2nd Agricultural Revolution (new inventions, food crops, more calories per acre) Trade & Inventiveness

4. Who started the IR? • BRITAIN • Economic growth, population growth, strong mining and metal industries, iron, coal, rivers, navy, strong commercial structure, fluid social structure • COTTON and TEXTILE INDUSTRIES FIRST

5. WHAT WERE IR INDUSTRIES? Mass Production (Pottery – Wedgwood) Mechanization (Cotton)…spinning jenny, water frame Iron Industry Steam Engine (James Watt)…RAILROADS Telegraph System

6. What were the impacts of IR? New cities (population growth, poor, inadequate sewage, air & water pollution, disease, short life, high infant mortality) Deforestation, erosion of soil, railroads/canals Poor Working conditions Disruption to Family Life

7. Why use Child Labor? • Children were employed for four simple reasons : • Many in orphanages - could be replaced easily if accidents occurred • Much cheaper than adults • Small enough to crawl under machinery to tie up broken threads • Young enough to be bullied by 'strappers' - adults would not have stood for this

8. John Dempsey aged eleven working in a mule-spinning room in Rhode Island in April 1909.

9. Those late for work were severely punished. Money was deducted from their wages. They were hit with straps to work faster. Some children were dipped head first into a water cistern if they became drowsy. Talking to other children was forbidden. Children were placed in prison if they ran away and were caught. Those who were considered potential runaways were placed in irons. How were children treated and what work did they do?

10. "Woodward and other overlookers used to beat me with pieces of thick leather straps made supple by oil, and having an iron buckle at the end, drew blood almost every time it was applied." John Brown quoted in the "Lion" newspaper in 1828.

11. The youngest children in the textile factories were usually employed as scavengers and piecers. Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from under the machinery. The children were expected to carry out the task while the machine was still working. Dangerous Work

12. Accidents were widespread. Workers often lost limbs A Manchester visitor upon seeing cso many people in the streets without arms and legs “it was like living in the midst of the army just returned from a campaign." Accidents

13. Kids were used to mend broken parts of the machine – wouldn’t stop machines! The Mill

14. What was life like in the mines? In one unnamed coal mine, 58 deaths out of a total of 349 deaths in one year, involved children thirteen years or younger. Life for all those who worked underground was very hard.

15. At the close of day. Waiting for the cage to go up. The cage is entirely open on two sides and not very well protected on the other two, and is usually crowded. The dust was so dense at times as to obscure the view. This dust penetrated the utmost recesses of the boys' lungs. A kind of slave-driver sometimes stands over the boys, prodding or kicking them into obedience. Miners

16. Dirty Work

20. A room in a tenement Large families squeezed into one room. Usually shared a bathroom with other tenants on the floor. Overcrowded cities accounted for much pollution in the cities. Alcoholism, everyone worked, no school What was life like for families?

21. The bedroom of Cornelia Stewart, the wife of A.T. Stewart of Stewart's Department Store. How the other half lived…

22. What were the responses to IR? Laissez-Faire capitalism Unions & Reform Schools Mines Act of 1842 Factory Act of 1833

23. Who was Karl Marx? • Karl Marx advocated “socialism” in which the workers (proletariat) would rebel against capitalists (bourgeoisie) and create a new society through revolution • Unions, political parties – but not all wanted revolution • HOWEVER – industrialization also had a middle class, it did raise wages and better standard of living (unions and cheaper food/goods because of improved standards)

24. MIGRATION: 19th – 20th century • IR created a migration process as people moved from country to city and even nations for new opportunities • 20% of Europe went to Americans, South Africa, Oceania • WHY? Poverty, pushed out of farming, demand for labor • America: affordable land, industrial jobs, melting pot • EFFECT: westward expansion, discrimination,

25. US as an INDUSTRIAL POWER Huge size, resources, market, political stability How did US support capitalists?- tax breaks for businesses, grants of public lands (railroads), business laws, little govt. regulation - No political party supported Marxist ideas How was the US an industrial power?- mass production (assembly line, Model T, interchangeable parts)

26. US vs. RUSSIA • RUSSIA backgroundserfs, conservative, still an absolute monarchy • IR directed by the state and came later – conditions like early 1800 cities • MARXISM developed(1905 Revolution had limited reforms - revolution • US backgroundyoung, democratic, social/ economic mobility, land • IR came very quickly; perfect conditions, unions and laws created through democracy….a strong MARXISM never necessary

27. Which countries did not industrialize very quickly? • Russia, Ottoman - land-based empires- leery of west (after Peter )- Serfdom, imports • China- agriculturally-based, did not adapt…JAPAN DID! • India - Cotton industry thwarted by Britain • Egypt • Tried: Muhammad Ali: cotton (less dependent on Ottoman) – Britain intervenes!