English Civil War (1642-1647)

1. English Civil War (1642-1647) Oliver Cromwell Charles I

2. Reasons for the English Civil War • In 1603, Elizabeth died. She never married, so there were no heirs to continue the Tudor Dynasty • Mary Stuart’s son James I became the King of England and started Stuart Dynasty in England James I

3. Reasons for the English Civil War • Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism; Parliament felt that the king should be limited by Parliament • Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style • Religion—Puritans were members of the Anglican Church who wanted all Catholic rituals removed; Puritans were active members of Parliament.

4. Reasons for the English Civil War • When James I died in 1625, his son Charles I became king • Like his father, Charles believed in divine right and absolute monarchy • He refused to discuss ideas with Parliament and only summoned Parliament when he needed money • Parliament refused to give Charles I money unless he signed the Petition of Rights in 1628

5. The Petition of Rights (1628) The King could not • jail people without a good reason • levy taxes without Parliament's approval • keep his soldiers in peoples’ homes • use army to maintain order during peacetime The Petition of Rights (1628)

6. Civil War • Charles I was really angry with Parliament and refused to call another Parliament for 11 years until he needed money to end revolts in Ireland and Scotland • The conflict between supporters of King (Royalists/Cavaliers) and Parliament grew so bad that a civil war was inevitable

7. Civil War • The war between Cavaliers(Royalists) vs Roundheads(supporters of Parliament) lasted for 5 years • Roundheads found a strong leader in Oliver Cromwell

8. Civil War Cromwell and Roundheads won and beheaded the king in 1649 (1st public execution of a king)

9. After the Civil War • After the Civil War, a Commonwealth was created, a type of government with no king and ruled by Parliament. • Oliver Cromwell led the Commonwealth and in 1653 was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. But he did not use democracy and later he became a military dictator.

10. New Commonwealth • Life in the Commonwealth was ruled according to strict religious rules • It was illegal to go to theatres or sporting events

11. The Restoration (1660) Charles II

12. The Restoration • People grew tired of the severe, religious rule of Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans; many wanted a king again. • When Cromwell died, in 1658, his son Richard ruled for two years but his government was a failure. • In 1660, the Houses of Parliament were restored and Charles I’s son, who had lived in exile in France during the republican age, was invited by Parliament to return and become King of England • Charles II was called the “Merry Monarch” because he brought into England the typical French customs and habits and made English cultural life flourish again

13. The Shape of England 1660 … England was exhaustedby 20 years of Civil War, the Black Plague (1665), and the Great Fire of London (1666) which left 2/3 of citizens homeless. The Black Plague The Great Fire Oliver Cromwell

14. Restoration • Charles II did not try to rule by Divine Right and did not threaten Parliament’s authority • Passed Habeas Corpus Law, whichguaranteed everyone a trial after arrest; nobody could be held in jail forever • Anglicanism was the official religion, but treated Puritans and Catholics equally

15. Restoration • During the Restoration, Parliament strengthened the Church of England: only Anglicans could attend universities, serve in Parliament, be priests in Anglican Church • Parliament created Constitutional Monarchy based on Magna Carta and Petition of Rights (guaranteed rights of people and limited king)

16. Restoration BUT, there were problems: • Charles II needed more money than Parliament was willing to give, so he made a secretagreement with Louis XIV of France to convert to Catholicism in exchange for money • Charles II had no children; when he died, his openly-Catholic brother James IIbecame king James II

17. Restoration • James was a widower and his heirs were his two Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne, who were married to the rulers of Holland and Denmark. • James had remarried the Catholic Mary of Modena, and in 1688 he became the father of a Catholic son and heir. Mary of Modena 1658- 1718

18. The Glorious Revolution (1688) • Ignoring Parliament’s religious laws, James II appointed Catholics to government and university positions. • Parliament was worried the throne would go to James II’s son who was to be raised Catholic. • Parliament encouraged William of Orange (ruler of the Netherlands who was married to James II’s daughter Mary) to invade and take over.

19. The Glorious Revolution • William crushed James II’s supporters in Scotland (traditionally loyal to the Stuarts) and in catholic Ireland. • James II fled to France when he realized he had little support from England. William of Orange Mary II Stuart

20. The Glorious Revolution • This peaceful transfer of power was called the Glorious Revolution. William and Mary swore an oath that they would govern the people of England. Joint monogram of William and Mary carved onto Hampton Court Palace Joint monogram of William and Mary

21. The Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights (1689) • In 1689 Parliament passed the Bill of Rights. • This document stated that the king ruled not by “Divine Right “ but by consent of Parliament as representative of the country, thus laying the foundation of the freedom from arbitrary government.