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Explore the United States' relationships with foreign countries in the post-War of 1812 period. Learn about the Monroe Doctrine, Rush-Bagot Treaty, American-Canadian boundary, Oregon Country, Spanish East Florida, and the Mexican-American War.
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Chapter 7Foreign Affairs in theEarly Republic • Section Three - Foreign Relations • US 8.5, 8.5.1, 8.5.2,
Looking Back, Looking Ahead • In Section 2, you learned about the War of 1812. In this section you will read about the United State’s relations with foreign countries in the postwar period.
Focusing on the Main Idea • After the War of 1812, a new spirit of nationalism took hold in American society. • In 1823 the United States proclaimed its dominant role in the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine.
Places to Know • Louisiana Territory • Oregon Country • Spanish East Florida • Mexico
People to Know • James Monroe • John Quincy Adams • Andrew Jackson • Miguel Hidalgo • Simon Bolivar • Jose de San Martin
Vocabulary to Know • disarmament • demilitarize • court-martial • establish • demonstrate • policy
Did You Know? • John Quincy Adams and George W. Bush have something in common— they both are presidents with fathers who also served as president of the United States.
What Was the Era of Good Feelings? • The Era of Good Feelings was the time after the War of 1812 when a sense of national unity was forged in America.
Who Was in Charge? • President James Monroe represented a united America free ofpolitical strife. • He toured the nation, and everywhere he went people celebrated his visit. • John Quincy Adams, Monroe’s secretary of state, worked to resolve disputes with the British because America needed good relations with the European power.
What Was the Rush-Bagot Treaty? • The Rush-Bagot Treaty sets limits on the number of naval vesselsBritain and the United States could have on the Great Lakes. • The treaty also provided for disarmament, the removal of weapons, along the border between the United States and British Canada.
What Agreements Were Between the US and Britain? • The United States and Britain worked together to set the American-Canadian boundary farther west. • In a second agreement with Britain, Americans set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the United States and Canada at the 49th parallel. • The countries agreed to a demilitarized border—a border without armed forces. • Americans also gained the right to settle in Oregon Country, a vast area extending from California to Alaska.
Who Controlled the Oregon Country? • In the early 1800s, Spain, Britain, Russia, and the United Statesclaimed Oregon Country. • Spain and Russia eventually gave up their claims, which left Britain and the United States with claims. Both countries based their claims on explorations of fur trappers and traders. • American presence in Oregon Country grew, and in the Treaty of 1846, Britain and the United States divided Oregon.
What Were Our Relations with Spain? • The United States and Spain worked to settle disputes over bordersin Florida. • In 1818 General Andrew Jackson went beyond his instructions and invaded Spanish East Florida, seizing control of two Spanish forts. • The Spanish minister to the United States protested Jackson’s actions. Secretary of War John Calhoun said that Jackson should be court-martialed—tried by a military court—but Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed
What Was the Adams-Onis Treaty? • The raid demonstrated the strength of the U.S. military, and Spainagreed to the Adams-Onís Treaty, in which Spain gave East Florida to the United States and abandoned all claims to West Florida.
Who Was Struggling for Frontier Lands? • Spanish officials tried to keep Americans out of western territoriesheld by Spain, but they found this to be increasingly difficult.
Why Did Mexico Change Its Policy? • Mexico won its freedom from Spain in 1821 and gained control of thewestern territories. • The Mexican government welcomed American traders and settlers into its lands, but later questioned this policy.
What Conflicts Were With Mexico? • The United States tried to buy territory from Mexico,but Mexicorefused. • American settlers in Texas revolted, and Texas gained its independence in 1836 and statehood in 1845. • These events angered Mexico. Mexico and the United States went to war the following year, and Mexico was defeated. The two countries signed a peace treaty in 1848, giving the United States what is today California, Arizona, and New Mexico, as well as other western states.
Discussion Question • Why did the Mexicans think they had made a mistake when they letAmerican settlers into Mexican territory? • (American settlers weretroublesome. They disliked and resisted Mexican laws and customs. Theyalso felt the United States had a right to expand its territory from theAtlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.)
What Were Relations Like With Latin America? • The United States supported Latin American colonies when theybegan their struggles for independence from Spain and Portugal.
Who Was Miguel Hidalgo? • Miguel Hidalgo was a priest who led a rebellion against the Spanishgovernment of Mexico. • Although Hidalgo was executed, Mexico gained its independence in 1821 and control of northern lands.
Who Was Simon Bolivar? • Simón Bolívar led a movement that won freedom for the present-daycountries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador
Who Was Jose de San Martin? • José de San Martín achieved independence for Chile and Peru. • Americans hoped the independence of Latin American colonies would increase trade between the United States and Latin America and help spread American ideals.
What Was the Monroe Doctrine? • France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia wanted to help Spain regain itsAmerican holdings. President Monroe declared that the Americas were no longer to be considered for colonization by European powers. • Monroe warned that no European country should interfere in United States affairs. The president’s proclamation was later called the Monroe Doctrine.
Discussion Question • Why did Americans want Latin American colonies to beindependent? • (Independence of Latin American colonies would weakenSpain. Americans also hoped to trade with Latin America once Spain nolonger controlled the region.)
Section 3 Review page 367 • 1. Why did America support the Latin American countries in their fight for independence? • 2. What were the provisions of the Monroe Doctrine? • 3. Why do you think the United States wanted dominance over most of the territories in North America?
