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Learn about the Black Death, the Little Ice Age, and the Hundred Years' War that affected Europe in the late Middle Ages up to 1450. Understand the reasons behind Europe's susceptibility to pandemics and the impact of these historical events.
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Mrs. Pope AP European History Tallwood High School The black death and the hundred years war
What made Europe susceptible to a pandemic? • Little Ice Age- 1300-1450 • Europe colder, wetter, crops ruined • Prices rise b/c of crop shortages • Great Famine- 1315-1322 • disease, higher prices, deaths • Typhoid Fever Outbreak- 1316 • deaths of people, livestock • Sheep hit hard---fewer sheep means reduced wool exports from England to Flanders. Weavers have no wool, unemployment rises, merchants also suffer because there’s not enough wool cloth to trade • Results: abandonment of villages, more homeless, widening gap in farming classes, poor diets=weaker population=more susceptible to disease
The Famine of 1315-1317 • By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate. • A population crisis developed. • Climate changes in Europe produced three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain. • As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died. • One consequence ofstarvation & povertywas susceptibility todisease.
What made Europe susceptible to a pandemic? Government Solutions to problems—INEFFECTIVE! 1. France- 1314-1328- • no speculation (people bought grain and held it until prices went higher, then they would sell) • outlawed export of grain • Jews blamed and punished • hard to enforce 2. England- Edward II- 1307-1327- • Parliament set price controls • no speculation • attempt to import grain • hard to enforce, black market runs rampant
Black Death Where did the Black Death originate? • China How did it travel to Europe? • Trade routes • 1331- China • 1346- reaches Crimea • Oct 1347- Messina, then Sicily, then Italy, then Europe • 1348- reached England • Disease is carried by fleas on rats • May have been brought by Mongols
II. THE BLACK DEATH- 1347-1350 Causes- • Infected fleas on rats infect humans by biting them • Spreads quickly due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, etc. • blame Jews—accused Jews of poisoning the wells of Christians (NOT TRUE! But that didn’t stop the murder of many Jews at the time) Two forms of the plague- • Bubonic– • Infection of lymphatic system • Get this kind from the bite of an infected flea • boils (buboes) form on glands- neck, armpit, thigh, then black splotches, then spit blood, then die • Pneumonic— • Infection of respiratory system • Transmitted from person to person • Fevers, coughing, spit up blood, death within days
The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.
The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemic Form:almost 100% mortality rate.
Treatment of plague • no cure • bloodletting • strong herbs, noises, homemade medicine • religious zeal—flagellants—whipped themselves as penance for sins - there were hospitals at the time, but we don’t know exactly how many patients would have been served
Effects • How did the plague affect the Catholic church? • Many clergy died, and church began allowing laypeople (not official priests) to give sacraments to each other • Prestige of the Church diminished • people lost faith in the Church • kills 1/3 of Europe’s population and cures overpopulation • breakdown of gov’t • Inflation (rise in prices) –due to shortages of goods • Increased wages & per capita wealth • Price of slaves grew rapidly (good business for slave traders) • migration of workers • How did guilds change? • Opened up membership to non-relatives • Could not control wages Looking forward: • Efforts to control population growth • improved navigation techniques which allowed further travel (which would mean they could import more grain from farther places) • Quarantine measures
Medieval Art & the Plague Bring out your dead!
Medieval Art & the Plague An obsession with death.
Giovanni Boccaccio • “The Black Death victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise.” • The Decameron--book which included stories from a group of people who were trying to avoid the plague. • The introduction to the book described the plague.
Boccaccio in The Decameron The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors.
Attempts to Stop the Plague A Doctor’s Robe “Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Plague Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
Attempts to Stop the Plague Pogramsagainst the Jews “Golden Circle” obligatory badge “Jew” hat
A Little Macabre Ditty “A sickly season,” the merchant said,“The town I left was filled with dead,and everywhere these queer red fliescrawled upon the corpses’ eyes,eating them away.”“Fair make you sick,” the merchant said,“They crawled upon the wine and bread.Pale priests with oil and books,bulging eyes and crazy looks,dropping like the flies.”
A Little Macabre Ditty (2) “I had to laugh,” the merchant said,“The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled;“And proved through solemn disputation“The cause lay in some constellation.“Then they began to die.”“First they sneezed,” the merchant said,“And then they turned the brightest red,Begged for water, then fell back.With bulging eyes and face turned black,they waited for the flies.”
A Little Macabre Ditty (3) “I came away,” the merchant said,“You can’t do business with the dead.“So I’ve come here to ply my trade.“You’ll find this to be a fine brocade…” And then hesneezed……….!
The Mortality Rate Death toll estimated at 25,000,000
Get out – they made a video? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQ
Charles IV of France • King of France • Son of Philip the Fair • Died 1328 w/out an heir • Meeting of French barons after his death decide to keep his sister, Queen Isabella of England, or her son Edward III from taking the French crown. • Philip VI of Valois named King (r. 1328-1350) • Nephew of Philip the Fair • Charles IV’s cousin
Queen Isabella of England • Daughter of Philip IV the Fair of France • Denied the French throne after the death of her brother Charles IV of France. • Wife of King Edward II of England • Overthrew King Edward II with the help of her lover (1327) • Edward III (her son) becomes King of England but she acts as regent
King Edward III • Ruled 1327-1377 • Crowned at age 15 • Queen Isabella’s son • Nephew of Charles IV • Paid homage to Philip VI for Aquitaine-1329 • Aquitaine was an area in SW France which had been controlled by English kings
Causes • Territorial questions—King Edward was the vassal of Aquitaine and paid homage to Philip VI of France. • King Philip VI confiscated the duchy 1337 • King Edward III’s claim to the French crown • Economic issues w/ Flanders • Flanders was French territory • Wool and wine trade between Flanders and England was important to both the English and French economies—English crown got lots of $$ from the taxes on those goods • Flemish aristocracy support French crown • Flemish merchants/middle class support English • Both competing for economic dominance in Flanders
Popular Responses • English opinion • View war as a struggle for Edward III’s right to be the French king • Propaganda used by Edward III—letters to villages overstating French cruelty; warned of danger of invasion; clergy delivered pro-English sermons • French opinion • Feared invasion by English soldiers • Some nobles turned on Philip VI and sided with the English—this started a civil war in France. • Saw this as an opportunity to gain more land
The English bring new weapons • Longbow- • Not great accuracy • Rapid reloading when compared to French crossbowman • Arrows can pierce armor • Created panic • Cannon • Lots of damage to castle or city walls • Creates panic • This new weaponry changes warfare forever!
