Sep 10, 2010

1. Introduction to Korea Sep 10, 2010 Yu, Gwang Gu (yooggu@gmail.com)

2. CONTENTS Korea in Brief Ⅰ Overview of Korean Government Organization Ⅱ Overview of Korean Civil Service System Ⅲ Overview of Korean Local Government System Ⅳ

3. CONTENTS Korea in Brief Ⅰ I. Korea in Brief Overview of Government Organization Ⅱ Overview of Civil Service System Ⅲ Overview of the Local Government System Ⅳ

4. LAND and CLIMATE • Situated in the eastern end of the Asian continent • 612 miles long, 105 miles wide, mountains cover 70% • Lies in a temperate zone and has 4 distant seasons • Dived by DMZ into South Korea(ROK) and N.K. • ROK : (size) 38,375 ㎡ / (population) 48.7 million(24th)

5. National Symbols Tae-geuk-gi Mu-gung-hwa Ae-guk-ga • Tenacious and able to • withstand blight, insects • Immortality, the enduring • nature of Korean culture • Determination and • perseverance of Korean • Means “love the country”. • Fostered the spirit of • independence as the • country faced threats of • foreign annexation. • Officially adopted in 1948 • as a national anthem. • Red top: • proactive forces of yang • Blue bottom: • responsive forces of yin • Trigram: • universal elements • (heaven, earth, fire, water) • White base: • purity of Korean people

6. Korean Alphabet, Hang-eul • Created in the 15th century by King Sejong the Great working with scholars. • 10 vowels and 14 consonants, combined to form numerous syllabic grouping. • Koreans speak and write the same language, forging strong national identity.

7. Customs • Family life • Traditionally family size was quite large, preferred having a son. • Now almost all families are couple-centered nuclear families. • Names • Family name(one syllable) + given name(two syllables). • * Kim (21%), Yi (or Lee, Rhee, 14%), Park (or Pak, 8%) • Woman does not take her husband's family name, children take. • Wedding ceremony • First, western-style ceremony held at a wedding hall or a church. • Traditional ceremony at a different room, in traditional costumes.

8. Foods

9. Economy, Miracle on the Hangang • GNI per capita • 67(‘53) → 79(‘60) → 100(‘63) → 1034(‘77) → 11432(‘95) → 21695(‘07) • Five year economic development plans • - Powerful regime(1961-79) / Economic Planning Board (1961-94) • - Planning + Budgeting, Link Five-year EDPs and annual EMPs • - Coordinate economic polices and allocate resources • Export-driven economic model • - labor-intensive light industries(‘60-’70) • Gyeongbu Expressway(‘70), Saemaeul Movement(‘72~) • - heavy industries(’80 –’90) / information & communication tech(’00-) • steel, car, ship, chemical ⇒ semiconductor, mobile, DTV, display • Global Ranking • - GDP: 15th / GNP per capita: 24th / Labor Force: 24th (2008) • - Net Enrollment for the aged 18~21: 5th(41%), college advance >80% • - Internet down load speed: 1st(20.4 mbps), 95% households access Net

10. II. Government Organization

11. Executive Judicial Organization of the Government of Korea The Constitution Constitutional Court National Election Commission National Election Commission Legislative Local Governments

13. Model Structure & Rank of a Ministry Structure Rank Minister Vice Minister Office Assistant Minister Bureau Department Officer Division Team Officer Middle Management Employees

14. 2 Government Reorganization 2007 2008 1 Integration of the functions that are similar to each Ministry. Strengthening of the functions for prepare for the future. Activation of the private sector by easing regulations. 2 Board &Service 18 Ministries 4 Chuh, 18 Agencies 4 Offices 10 Commissions 2 Board & Service 15 Ministries 2 Chuh, 18 Agencies 3 Offices 5 Commissions △11 536 3 4 Reorganization of Commissions for efficiency - Eliminated a number of Government Commissions Consolidation of Special Local Administrative Agencies - Transfer part of the central government functions to the local government Transfer of Government functions to the private sector (Corporatization) - Functions that may be more effectively managed by the private sector

15. Ⅲ. Civil Service System

16. Central Government Local Government Appointed by • Head of local government • The President • Government Minister Related Laws Affairs Expenditure Work Place • National Revenue • National Civil Servants Act • Central government agencies • National administration • Local autonomous affairs • Local Revenue • Local Civil Servants Act • Local government Central/Local Government Officials

17. Number of Civil Servants Total 970,690 * End of 2009 (Unit : persons) Legislative 3,451 Judicial 16,393 Executive 947,967 Constitutional Court 231 National Election Commission 2,648 (100%) Local Govt : 276,797 Metropolitan, province : 81,021 City, County, District : 195,776 Local educational authorities : 61,597 Central Govt 609,573 Local Govt 338,394 (35.7%) (64.3%) Public Security 132,613 General Administration 96,311 Education 349,274 Field operation 31,375 (10.2%) Korea Post : 31,375 Legal Affairs: 25,725 Police : 106,644 Firefighting : 244

18. Career Service Non Career Service Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 General Service Special Service Technical Service Political Service Excepted Service Contractual Service Grade 5 Grade 6~9 Classification of National Civil Service • Vertical Classification • Horizontal Classification • Occupational Groups (2) • Occupational Series (31) • Occupational Sub-series (96) Deputy Minister S C S Director-General Division Director • Types Deputy Director Officer

19. Open Competitive Examination Exam for Rank 5 (Higher Civil Service Exam ; Fast Track) Exam for Rank 7 Exam for Rank 9 Written test imposed Non-Competitive Selection Written test or interview or both * To prevent a backdoor entrance by political or personal patronage, the National Civil Service Act prescribes twelve cases in which non-competitive recruitment is allowed. Channel of Recruitment

20. How Long to be Promoted? Minimum Period Actual Period Rank 4→3 5 8.10 Rank 5→4 5 8.09 Rank 6→5 9.00 4 Rank 7→6 3 7.01 Rank 8→7 3 5.07 Rank 9→8 2 3.04

21. Ratio to Private Salaries Increase of wage Inflation Comparison to private sector * Salary comparison to private sector:89.2% (2009)

22. Retirement • Retirement age for general service: 60 • Retirement age for other civil service • Teachers: 62 (National University professors: 65) • Police and Fire service officers: 60 • (Retirement age differs according to grade) • Prosecutors: 63, General Secretary of the Prosecutor’s Office65 • Judicial officials: Chief Justice: 70 • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court:65, Judges:63

23. Ⅳ. Local Government System

24. Two-tier system Single-tier system 1. Patterns of Local Governments Upper-level local governments (regional level) ［15］- Seoul, metropolitan cities, provinces Lower-level local governments (municipal level) ［230］- cities, counties, autonomous districts ※ Lower-level governments are within the upper-level governments’ territories There are no lower-level governments under the jurisdiction of Jeju Special Self-governing Province Jeju Special Self-governing Province has all responsibility of both upper and lower tiers

25. 2. Structure of Local Governments Central Government Seoul Special Metropolitan City 【1】 Metropolitan City 【6】 Province 【8】 Jeju Special Self-governing Province 【1】 TOTAL 【16】 Autonomous District [44] County [5] City [75] County [81] Autonomous District [25] TOTAL ［230］

26. 3. Autonomous Affairs • Organization and management of the local governments • Promotion of citizens’ welfare • Industry promotion such as agriculture, commerce, etc. • Local development and management of infrastructure and facilities such as roads and water supply • Promotion of education, sports, culture and art • Local civil defense and fire fighting ※ Upper local governments are in charge of - affairsinvolving more than two local governments - affairs requiring equal standards between the cities and provinces - coordinating affairs between the central government and the cities, counties and districts

27. Support and supervision for local governments 4. Cent. and Local Governments Relationship The central government institutionalizeslocal government systems and guarantees or restricts local government’s functions by the law The central government may advise, recommend, or guide on affairs of the local government (Financial support also available) The head of central administrative agencies supervises affairs which are entrusted to the head of local government

28. 5. Decentralization for Increasing Competence Major Tasks Committee of Promotion Local Decentralization The National Assembly, Political parties The Academia The Press (under the President) Ministry of Public Administration and Security Central Ministries Local Governments Transfer of administrative regulations Introduction of autonomous police system Reform of special local administrative agencies

29. Sources • General Information: • http://www.korea.net/index.do • (KOCIS, the official website of the Republic of Korea) • http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto • (Korean Tourism Organization) • http://www.koreabrand.net/en/how/how_search_index.do • (PCNB, interesting links) • Korean Government: • http://english.president.go.kr/government/branch/branch.php • (Cheong Wa Dae)

30. Thank You