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Aturan2 dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional

Aturan2 dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional. MK: HHI HI UGM 201 3 Drs. Usmar Salam, MIS & Ririn TN, MA. The Hague Law. 1907 1954 Deals with the Rules of Combat. Contents of Geneva Conventions. I Wounded and Sick II Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked III Prisoners of War IV Civilians.

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Aturan2 dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional

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  1. Aturan2 dalamHukum Humaniter Internasional MK: HHI HI UGM 2013 Drs. Usmar Salam, MIS & Ririn TN, MA

  2. The Hague Law 1907 1954 Deals with the Rules of Combat

  3. Contents of Geneva Conventions I Wounded and Sick II Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked III Prisoners of War IV Civilians ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS I Develops GC Further II Non International Conflict Deals with the victims of conflict

  4. Konvensi Jenewa 1949 • KJ I: Perlindungan tentara dlm perang di darat hrs dikumpulkan & dirawat tanpa ada diskriminasi • KJ II: Perlindungan tentara dlm perang di lauthrs dikumpulkan & dirawat tanpa ada diskriminasi • KJ III: Perlakuan tawanan perang • Tawanan perang bukanlah seorang kriminal • Selama ditahan, TP hrs diperlakukan scr manusiawi • TP hrs dibebaskan setelah permusuhan berakhir • KJ IV: Perlindungan org2 sipil di waktu perang

  5. Common article 3 • Dalam sengketa bersenjata yg tdk bersifat internasional yg berlangsung dlm wilayah salah satu Pihak Peserta yg Agung, tiap pihak dlm sengketa akan diwajibkan u/ melaksanakan sekurang2-nya ketentuan2 berikut: 1)Orang2 yg tdk turut serta aktif dlm konflik itu, tmsk anggota AB yg telah letakkan senjata serta mrk yg tdk lagi terlibat (hors de cpmbat) krn sakit, luka2, penahanan atau alasan lain apapun, dlm keadaan bgmn-pun hrs diperlakukan scr manusiawi, tanpa perbedaan yg merugikan apapun jg yg didasarkan atas suku, warna kulit, agama & kepercayaan, kelamin, keturunan atau kekayaan, atau kriteria lainnya yg serupa. Untuk maksud itu…

  6. Untuk maksud itu, mk tindakan2 berikut dilarang & tetap akan dilarang u/ dilakukan thd org2 tsb di atas pd wkt & tempat di manapun jg: • Tindakan kekerasan atas jiwa & raga, terutama setiap mcm pembunuhan, pemutungan, perlakuan kejam & penyiksaan • Penyanderaan • Perkosaan atas kehormatan pribadi, terutama perlakuan yg menghina & merendahkan martabat • Menghukum & mjlnkan hukuman mati tanpa didahului keputusan yg dijatuhkan o/ suatu pengadilan yg dibentuk scr teratur, yg mberikan segenap jaminan peradilan yg diakui sbg keharusan o/ bgs2 yg beradab 2) Yg terluka & sakit hrs dikumpulkan & dirawat

  7. Sebuah badan kemanusiaan yg tdk berpihak, spt ICRC dpt menawarkan jasa2nya kpd pihak2 yg berkonflik • Pihak2 yg berkonflik selanjutnya hrs berusaha u/ mjlnkan dg persetujuan2 khusus, semua atau sebagian dr ketentuan lainnya dlm konvensi ini. • Aplikasi ketentuan2 tsb di atas tdk akan mempengaruhi status hukum dr pihak2 yg terlibat dlm konflik

  8. PERLINDUNGAN UMUM THD TP: • TGG-JWB ATAS TP TERLETAK PD NGR PENAWAN, BUKAN DITANGAN ORG/PASUKAN PENAWAN • PERLAKUAN MANUSIAWI & TDK DISKRIMINATIF • TDK BOLEH MJD OBYEK MUTILASI OR EKSPERIMEN PENGOBATAN • DILINDUNGI DR TINDAKAN KEKERASAN, INTIMIDASI, PENGHINAAN & DARI TONTONAN PUBLIK • PRIBADI TP HRS DIHORMATI • MEMPEROLEH PERLENGKAPAN & PENGOBATAN YG DIPERLUKAN • SEGALA HAK & STATUS TDK DPT DICABUT

  9. Orang2 yg dpt dikategorikan sbg Tawanan Perang: • AGT AB PIHAK2 YG BERSENGKETA, TMSK MILISI & KORPS SUKARELA YG MJD BAGIAN DARI AB • AGT GERAKAN PERLAWANAN YG TERORGANISIR DG SYARAT: • DIPIMPIN O/ SESEORANG YG BERTANGGUNG JAWAB • MEMILIKI TANDA PEMBEDA YG TETAP & DAPAT TERLIHAT DR KEJAUHAN • MEMBAWA SENJATA SCR TERANG2AN • DLM MELAKSANAKAN OPS MIL PATUH THD HKM & KEBIASAAN PERANG

  10. AGT AB REGULER YG MENGABDI KPD PEMERINTAH ATAU PENGUASA YG TDK DIAKUI O/ NEGARA PENAWAN • ORG2 SIPIL YG MENYERTAI PASUKAN BERSENJATA YG DILENGKAPI DG SURAT PERINTAH & TANDA PENGENAL • AWAK PESAWAT & KAPAL DAGANG PARA PIHAK YG KURANG DIUNTUNGKAN O/ KETENTUAN HKM INT’L LAINNYA • PENDUDUK WILAYAH YG BUKAN WILYH PENDUDUKAN YG MELAKUKAN PERLAWANAN SCR SPONTAN THD MUSUH YG MENDEKAT PD WKT MELAKUKAN INVASI

  11. ORG2 YG TDK BERHAK ATAS STATUS TAWANAN PERANG: • MATA2 OR SPIONASE • (art.29 HL 1907, art.46 AP I/1977) • TENTARA BAYARAN OR MERCENARIES • (art.47 AP I/1977)

  12. Protection of Civilians • Definition of civilians: Any person who does not take direct part in the hostilities Persons Entitled to Protection under IHL • IACs: different categories of "protected persons" • wounded, sick and shipwrecked • medical and religious personnel • prisoners of war • civilians in the power of the enemy • NIACs: "persons taking no active part in the hostilities" (Common Art. 3); "all persons who do not take a direct part or who have ceased to take part in hostilities" (Art 4.1, AP II)

  13. Protection of the Civilian Population: IACs • General protection against certain consequences of war afforded to entire populations of countries in conflict (Arts. 13 – 26, GC IV) • establishment of hospital and safety zones as well as neutralized zones • protection of hospitals • humanitarian assistance • family news and separated families • Special protection for persons who find themselves in the hands of a party to the conflict or an occupying power of which they are not a national (Art. 4, GC IV) • aliens in the territory of a party to the conflict • civilians in occupied territory

  14. Protection Against Consequences of War • parties can set up hospital and safety zones to protect people from the effects of war (Arts. 14 – 15, GC IV) • civilian hospitals must not be attacked (Art. 18, GC IV) • parties must allow free passage of relief supplies for certain civilians in need (Art. 23, GC IV); subject to the consent of all parties, humanitarian and impartial relief actions shall be taken (Art. 70, AP I) • civilians are entitled to exchange news of a family nature (Art. 25, GC IV); parties must facilitate enquires by dispersed families (Art. 20, GC IV) • fundamental guarantees (Art. 75, AP I)

  15. Protection of the Civilian Population: NIACs • Persons who do not participate in the hostilities must be treated with humanity (Common Art. 3, GC I – IV; Arts. 4 – 6, AP II) • Forced displacement is prohibited unless the security of civilians or imperative military reasons require (Art. 17, AP II) • Subject to the state's consent, humanitarian and impartial relief operations shall be undertaken (Art. 18, AP II)

  16. Various Treaties on Weapons These treaties deal with specific weapons Purpose To restrict or limit the use of weapons Are excessively injurious Have an indiscriminate effect Cause unnecessary suffering Have prolonged effects

  17. IHL Principles on Weapons (1) The right of the Parties to the conflict to choose methods and means of warfare is not unlimited. Art. 35, 1977 Add. Protocol I Art. 22, 1907 Hague Convention

  18. IHL Principles on Weapons (2) It is prohibited to employ weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering. Art. 35, 1977 Add. Protocol I Art. 23, 1907 Hague Convention

  19. IHL Principles on Weapons (3) Parties to a conflict must at all times distinguish between civilians and combatants. Indiscriminate attacks are prohibited. Weapons that are inherently indiscriminate or have indiscriminate effects must not be used. Art. 48 and 51, 1977 Add. Protocol I

  20. IHL Principles on Weapons (4) It is prohibited to employ methods or means of warfare which are intended or may be expected to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment. Art. 35, 1977 Add. Protocol I

  21. 1977 Additional Protocol IArticle 36 In the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon or method of warfare, States Parties have an obligation to determine whether its use would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited by Add. Protocol I or by any other rule of international law.

  22. PROHIBITED OR RESTRICTED METHODS OF WARFARE • Prohibition of Perfidy • No misuse of the emblems • No attacks on protected persons • No attacks on civilian objects • Protection of cultural property • Protection of the environment • Ban on terrorizing civilian population • Protection of dangerous installations

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