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Europe Faces Revolutions

Explore the clash of philosophies and the rise of nationalism in 19th century Europe, from conservative monarchies to liberal democracy and radical changes. Witness the struggle for independence in Greece, failed uprisings in Belgium, Italy, and Poland, and the radical changes in France under Napoleon III. Learn about Russian reforms and the challenges faced by Alexander II and his successors in their quest for social and economic progress.

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Europe Faces Revolutions

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  1. Europe Faces Revolutions Chapter 8 Section 2

  2. Clash of Philosophies 3 Philosophies: • Conservative – Landowners, nobles want traditional monarchies

  3. 3 Philosophies: 2. Liberal – Wealthy merchants, business owners want limited democracy 3. Radical – Believe in liberty, equality, want everyone to have the right to vote

  4. Nationalism Develops • Nationalism and Nation-States • Nationalism – loyalty to nations of people with common culture and history • Nation-State - nation with it’s own independent government

  5. In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain are nation states • Liberals and radicals support nationalism, conservatives do not

  6. Greeks Gain Independence • Greek Independence – The Balkans region of Europe controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800’s • Greece gets European help to gain independence from Turks • 1830- Britain, Russia & France sign treaty guaranteeing an independent Kingdom of Greece

  7. 1830’s Uprisings are crushed • Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals launch revolutions • All are defeated leaving conservatives in control

  8. 1848 revolutions • Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian Empire • Liberals hold power for short time and lose to conservatives by 1849

  9. Radicals Changes France • Conservatives defeated • 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy

  10. The Third Republic • 1848 French mob over throws monarchy and sets up republic

  11. Radicals split by infighting, moderates control new government • 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament

  12. Strong Ruler • Napoleon’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon elected president, takes title emperor and promotes industrialization

  13. Russian Reforms • Serfdom in Russia – Czars fail to free serfs for fear of losing landowners’ support • Russia defeated in Crimean War • Alexander II - czar who is determined to make social and economic changes

  14. Reform and Reaction • 1861, Czar free serfs, but debt keeps them on the same land • Alexander is assassinated by terrorists in 1881 and reforms are halted • Alexander III encourages industrialization

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