World History Part 2

1. World History Part 2 EOC Review

2. America/Meso-America • Mayans: complex civilization ruled by a chief, built step pyramids, polytheistic, wrote hieroglyphics, developed calendar based on observation of the sun and planets • Aztecs: complex civilization in Valley of Mexico, ruled by an emperor, polytheistic, human sacrifice for the Sun God • Inca: Peru, Andes Mountains, worshipped llama, built intricate road system, polytheistic

3. Ottoman Empire • Turkish Empire • Became the world's most powerful empire in the 1500's and 1600's and built architectural masterpieces, ruled by a sultan • Engaged in world trade

4. Ming Dynasty • Overthrew Monghols in China • Prosperous, expanded global trade with Europe

5. Columbian Exchange • major exchange of products and ideas from the "Old World" Europe and "New World" Americas • Cattle, chickens, horses, pigs, rice, sugarcane, wheat--> Old to New • Maize (corn), potato, chocolate, tobacco--> New to Old

6. European Exploration/Expansion • Countries like England, Spain, Portugal and France began sending out expeditions to search for better route for trade and to claim new land • Christopher Columbus, Magellan • expand colonial empires (create colonies)

7. Atlantic Slave Trade • Due to colonialism, the need for workers who were immune to New World diseases grew • Africans sold slaves to Europeans in exchange for money, guns and other supplies • Slaves were transferred by ship, crammed together and chained down, families were separated, then slaves were bought, sold and traded in the New World to work the sugar plantations (and later cotton plantations)

8. Europe's Commerical Revolution • Mercantilism and increase in global trade • Development of overseas empires (imperialism) • Expansion of products, learning and improved standard of living

9. Political Revolutions • Europe saw a rise in absolute monarchs • ruler has absolute power and final word • England saw a rise in free political thinkers: • Thomas Hobbes: believed in absolute monarchies • John Locke: life, liberty, property

10. American Revolution • Colonist leaders were influenced by Locke, Montesquie, Voltaire (Enlightenment thinkers) and fought for indepedence against a tyrannical Great Britain • "No taxation without representation" • Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence • After victory, Constitutional Convention met and drafted the Constitution and Bill of Rights

11. French Revolution • French population was the success of the American Revolution and wanted to get rid of their king, Louis XVI • France faced many social and economic problems (shortage of bread, badly in debt) • Created the Declaration of the Rights of Man • Executed the King and his wife, Marie Antoinette, and began the Reign of Terror

12. Napoleon • Took over as ruler of France after the Reign of Terror came to an end • Conquered most of Europe through the Napoleonic Wars • Sold Louisiana Territory to the U.S.

13. Latin American Independence • Napoleon increased nationalism which weakend Spain who then lost their Latin American colonies • Simon Bolivar: led the Latin American independence movement against Spain

14. Economic Revolution • Industrial Revolution: started in England • Imperialsim led to industrialization because they had new markets and raw materials • Factories popped up (textiles first), cities developed and became overcrowded and dirty • Farmers moved to cities to find jobs, worked long hours in dangerous conditions • Introduced free enterprise: people could do what they wanted (Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations: capitalism) • New inventions were produced: machines, cotton gin (Eli Whitney), steam engine (James Watt), light bulb (Edison), train, steamship • Karl Marx writes Communist Manifesto denouncing capitalism and spreading the ideals of communism • Scientists, Marie Curie (radiation) and Louis Pasteur (germ theory)

15. Social Revolutions • Imperialism is at its height: Berlin Conference of 1884 to divide up Africa without its consent • Britain controlled India, and China had their "Sphere of Influence" to surrounding areas • Suez Canal in Egypt opened in a joint effort by Britain and France but is controlled by Britain • Panama Canal is opened by Amercans (Roosevelt strikes a bargain) • William Wilberforce fought to abolish slavery in England, Queen Victoria fought to improve people's lives in England

16. World War I • Militarism, Alliances, Imperiaism, Nationalism are all MAIN causes of WWI • Assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sets of the war • Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) vs Triple Entente (Great Britain, Russia, France) • Trench warfare caused stalemate on Western Front • New weapons developed to break it (grenade, tank, gas, submarines, airplanes) • U.S. entered the war when Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare and sank the Lusitania • War ends with signing of the the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 (Allies win)

17. Aftermath of WWI • President Wilson announces 14 Points for peace and includes creation of the League of Nations to prevent further wars from happening • Germany (Weimar Republic) signs the treay taking full blame for entire war and must demilitarize, hand over its land and pay massive amounts of war reparations • Russia pulls out of the war early because they are having their own revolutions (February and October) led by Lenin and his Bolsheviks where they overthrow the Czar, make Communism the official political party and change the name to the USSR (Soviet Union) • Global depression hits when U.S. stock market crashes in 1929 that started chain reaction: Germany prints more money which leads to inflation and turns to fascism, Soviet Union becomes totalitarian under Stalin, U.S. recovers under FDR and the New Deal

18. World War II • Causes: Treaty of Versailles, failure of League of Nations, Japan (Tojo) invades Manchuria, Italy (Mussolini) invades countries, Germany turns to Hitler and fascism and Britain (Churchill) and France appease Hitler's demands to avoid war • Hitler invades Poland and begins WWII • Uses war as cover for Holocaust, and the extermination (genocide) of Jews, Gypsies, and unwanted citizens • U.S. enters war (on the side of the Allies) after Japan bombs Pearl Harbor and the Axis powers are crushed • U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war quickly with fewer casualties forcing Japan to surrender • United Nations is formed to prevent further world wars from happening

19. Cold War & Iron Curtain • Long "war" mainly between Communist Soviet Union and Democratic U.S. (two superpowers after WWII) • Truman practices policy of containment to stop the spread of Communism (Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan) though China becomes Communist under Mao Zedong • U.S. gets involved in Korean War and Vietnam War to stop Communism from spreading • North Korea and North Vietnam communist vs South Korea and South Vietnam democratic • Cease-fire border on 38th parallel in Korea, Vietnam completely overrun by Communism • Soviet Union and U.S. have an arms race for nuclear weapons, failed Bay of Pigs Invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis (Castro, JFK, Khrushchev) • Fall of Berlin Wall in 1989, that separated East (Communist) and West (Deomcratic) Berlin starts the collapse of Communism

20. "Modern" Conflicts • India gets divided into Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu), Gandhi peacefully fights for Indian independence from Britain and wins • U.N. created a Jewish nation in Palestine which is still an area of ongoing conflict • Golda Meir become prime minister of Israel • Africa gets de-colonized and nations slowly gain independence • Nelson Mandela gets elected President of South Africa • Genocides in Bosnia, Darfur, Rwanda • Islamic Fundamentalism on the rise: 9/11 attacks, global terrorism • Globalization: world is connected through business, technology and trade contributing to global economy