Functional Groups 1-4

1. Functional Groups 1-4

2. 1) Alcohols • General Formula: R – OH R = any sized C chain Types: primary (1o), secondary (2o), tertiary (3o)

3. Properties & Uses • poisonous, disinfectant • Used in beverages, paint thinner, fuel, hand sanitizer, preservative (for specimens)

4. Naming Rules • -ol ending • # in front of parent chain to indicate the location of the OH grp • OH grp gets the lowest # when naming the parent chain

5. Example • CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH3 l l Br OH Name: Type:

6. Alternative Naming • Hydroxy as a prefix • i.e. 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentane

7. 2) Ethers • General Formula: R – O – R’ R’ – C chains may differ in size

8. Properties & Uses • Volatile • Used to be used as an anesthetic

9. Naming Rules • The short chain is considered to be attached to the O – it gets an oxy ending and is named first – it can be thought of as a substituent • The longer chain is considered the parent with a regular –ane ending and is named second

10. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – O – CH3 Name: i.e. 2- ethoxypentane Drawing:

11. 3) Aldehydes General Formula: O ll R – C – H carbonyl NOTE: this functional grp is always an end

12. Properties & Uses • Have odours(small ones are stinky, larger ones smell pleasant • Used as a preservative (formaldehyde), found in essentials oils (vanilla, cilantro, cinnamon)

13. Naming Rules • -al ending on parent chain • # 1 C on the parent chain

14. Cl O l ll i.e. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C – H Name:

15. 4) Ketones General Formula: O ll R – C – R’ NOTE: This functional grp is always in the middle

16. Properties & Uses • Used as a solvent, antibiotic, pheromones (animal attractor) • Formed in excess when lack of carbohydrates in the diet (ketosis) – Atkin’s diet

17. Naming Rules • -one ending on the parent chain • # the location of the C = O, it gets the lowest possible #

18. CH3 O l ll i.e. CH3 – CH – C – CH3 Name: