World History Chapter 16 Exploration and Expansion

1. World History Chapter 16Exploration and Expansion Section Ch. 16. 1 Scientific Revolution

2. Key Vocabulary • Scientific Method • Geocentric Theory • Heliocentric Theory • Scientific Revolution

3. Key People • Roger Bacon • Nicolaus Copernicus • Johannes Kepler • Galileo Galilei • Issac Newton • Andreas Vesalius • Rene Descartes • Francis Bacon • Robert Boyle

4. From Magic to Science • Science v. Magic • Roger Bacon – an English philosopher and scientist of the 1200s. • He was one of the earliest to favor a system of scientific experimentation, rather than faithful acceptance of religious ideas and ancient beliefs, as a means of finding truth.

5. From Magic to Science • The spirit of the Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, discovery, and the practical application of the knowledge of nature to everyday life. • During the era of Scientific Revolution people began using experiments and mathematics to understand mysteries.

6. The New Study of Nature • As scientists spent more time examining the world around them, they observed things that did not agree with traditional explanations. • Early scientists of the 1500s began to question ancient beliefs. • They used three new tools – scientific instruments, mathematics, and experiments. • Beginnings of the Scientific Revolution. • Conducting Experiments!

8. Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy • Three main areas of study: • Astronomy: study of stars, planets, and other bodies in the sky. • Physics: changes and properties of matter and energy. • Anatomy: the study of the structure of the human body, mainly examination of dead bodies.

9. Reading from the Text • Read pp. 382-387 • Background Information! • Complete your vocabulary

10. Scientific Method • http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us-scientific-revolution

11. Copernicus • Ptolemy stated that Earth was the center of the universe. • Geocentric theory: “earth centered”. • Nicolaus Copernicus began to abandon Ptolemy’s geocentric theory. • Heliocentric theory : “sun centered”. • People paid little attention to his theory, they still believed that the sun and planets moved around Earth. • Primary source reading: Copernicus

12. Dedication of the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies to Pope Paul III-Copernicus • Read the excerpt written by Copernicus • Circle any unfamiliar words • Highlight the expected reaction to his theories? • Highlight references to the Pope and his position • Highlight his views of the physical world and his evidence • Describe Copernicus’ tone. • Whose judgments will he ignore and why? • Why were his ideas so controversial?

14. Kepler and Galileo • Proof of Copernicus’ theory came from Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. • Kepler was a brilliant mathematician who used models, observation, and mathematics to test Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. • Galileo built a telescope and began studying the heavens. • He used his observations to argue that not every heavenly body revolves around Earth. • Church scholars disapproved of Galileo’s theory. • Some said the telescope was an invention of the devil.

16. Galileo’s Indictment • Read Silently Galileo’s Indictment • Circle Unfamiliar Words • Highlight the charges brought against Galileo (5) • Why has he been charged? • What does this reveal about how people thought during this time period? Provide examples from the text. • Consider the Church, and the mass population

17. Newton • In 1687 Isaac Newton published a book building on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. • They had shown that the planets revolved around the sun. • They had not been able to explain why these bodies moved as they did. • Newton realized that the force that holds the planets in their orbits and the force that causes objects to fall to Earth are one and the same. • Law of universal gravitation: all bodies attract each other. • http://www.history.com/videos/isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution#isaac-newton-and-a-scientific-revolution

18. Ch. 16.1 Review • Complete the graphic organizer for each scientist with a partner • Who contributed the most to the Scientific Revolution in your opinion? Justify your response. • Share your findings

19. Vesalius and Harvey • Andreas Versalius, a Flemish scientist pioneered the study of anatomy. • In 1543 Vesalius published a seven-volume book called On the Fabric of the Human Body. • William Harvey used laboratory experiments to study the circulation of blood. • He described how blood moved through the veins and arteries. • He also observed the working of the body’s most important muscle – the heart.

20. The Triumph of the New Science • New scientific “orders” spread knowledge of the developments of the Scientific Revolution. • The printing press helped scientists as it had helped religious reformers.

21. Descartes • Rene Descartes was a leader of the Scientific Revolution. • In Discourse on Method, Descartes stated that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. • He believed, for example, that his own existence was proven by the fact that he could think. He wrote, “I think, therefore I am.” • In Descartes’ view, all fields of scientific knowledge were connected, thus they should be studied together.

22. Francis Bacon • Francis Bacon believed that scientific theories could be developed only through observation. • He said that no assumption could be trusted unless it could be proven by repeatable experiments. • Robert Boyle – helped to pioneer the modern science of chemistry.

23. FRQ 16.1 Question: Evaluate which had a greater influence during the Scientific Revolution: • 1. specific advances in technology • OR • 2. a change in the way people think about science. *Use specific evidence and discuss scientists, discoveries, inventions, or ways of thought to support your answer!