Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution By: CarleyBuongervino and Audrey Browning

2. Industrial Revolution- a period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production that began in the mid 1700’s Industrial Revolution took place in the time that textiles, or cloth items were made Increased the speed of manufacturing

3. 1769 Richard Arkwright invented large spinning machine called a water frame It lowered the cost of cotton cloth Water was the power source Merchants began building large textile mills near rivers and streams 1789- British textile mill supervisor Samuel Slater memorized the details of Arkwright spinning factory and came to the U.S. Once there, he designed and built the machinery for a cotton mill in Rhode Island . The mill went into operation in 1793.

4. Eli Whitney: Interchangeable Parts By: Rachel Kye and Erin Casey

5. Eli Whitney • 1765-1825 • Inventor who made better technology for factories • Introduced mass production using water-powered machines, interchangeable parts and cotton gin

6. Cotton gin • In 1793, revealed one of his inventions, cotton gin • Hand-cranked cylinder with a series of teeth that pulled cotton from the seed • Increased production and made picking cotton more efficient

7. Mass production • The efficient production of large numbers of identical goods • Interchangeable parts helped speed up this process • Whitney suggested water powered machinery for mass production of guns for US government

8. Interchangeable parts • Parts of a machine that are identical • Made machines easier to assemble and to replace • Promised to build 10,000 muskets in 2 yrs. • Government gave money to build factory • In 1801, Whitney demonstrated his idea in Washington DC

9. Conclusion • Goal to have healthy and happy workers • Helped make production easier • Contributed to America’s industrial transformation

10. GiannaLescas Julia Laitman Labor Unions

11. Labor Unions- Groups that tried to improve pay and working conditions Union workers were not typically hired, they asked for higher pay The unions were mostly formed by factory workers Most of these workers were women Labor Unions

12. Labor Unions were dominated by white workers, who did not allow blacks to join Some labor unions had strikes Strikes- Workers on strike refused to work until employers met their demands Many early strikes were unsuccessful Labor unions

13. Many mill workers formed labor unions The conditions in many mills were dangerous to the workers health The mills were not held responsible for any injuries The mill workers hours were raised and wages lowered This resulted in strikes Labor Unions

14. Labor Unions

15. Labor Unions • Clothing and industry workers made powerful efforts to form effective trade unions. • “We have to sit in our seats for twelve to sixteen hours per day, to earn one dollar.” – William Frazier • Faced low wages, fear of losing their jobs, and safety. • Employees did not want to have union workers hired because the employers believed that higher cost of union employees prevented competition.

16. What They Did • They formed trade unions, groups that tried to improve pay and working conditions. • Union workers sometimes went on strike which is when workers refuse to work until their demands are met. • Sara G. Bagley is a lady with a strong voice in the movement. She founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844 that had two main goals of influencing an investigation of working conditions by Mass state legislature and to obtain a 10-hour work day.

17. ? Hannah, where is it? Is this it? Next slide . . . STEAMBOAT

18. Marijuana Jeri Belardo Hannah Petty Greta Rolli

19. STEAMBOATS By: Matt baniewcz and arthur vasilyuk

20. The Beginning of Steamboats • American and European inventors invented steam-powered boats in the late 1700s. • However, they were not in use until the early 1800s.

21. Fitch’s Design • John Fitch tested his boat on the Delaware River in 1787. • The boat had six paddles powered by engine on each side. • The boat was never a commercial success.

22. Robert Fulton's Steamboat • In 1803, he tested his first steamboat designed in France. • Later, he tested the full-sized commercial steamboat called the Clermont in the US. • On August 9th, 1807, the Clermont traveled against the Hudson River’s current without any trouble.

23. Effect of Steamboats on People • After the Clermont experiment on the Hudson, the demand for steamboat ferry service soon arose. • Steamboats increased trades and profits, because goods could be moved quickly and thus more cheaply. • More than five hundred steamboats were in use in the US by 1840. • In the 1850’s, steamboats were being used to carry people and goods across the Atlantic Ocean.

24. Gibbons vs. Ogden • Increased steamboat shipping led to conflict over waterway rights. • In 1819, Aaron Ogden sued Thomas Gibbons for operating steamboats in New York waterways that Ogden owned. • Gibbons did not have a license to operate in New York.

25. Gibbonsvs. Ogden • He said that his federal license gave him rights to use the waterways. • In 1824, the Supreme Court ruled to regulate trade between states by ending monopolistic control over waterways. • This freed waterways to greater trade and shipping.

26. THE END Steamboat Willie, the captain of the show

27. Steamboats Hannah Petty and Josie Gilmore

28. The Steamboat • Developed in late 1700’s by inventors John Fitch, James Rumsey, and Oliver Evans, who each had own design. • Widely used by early 1800’s • Robert Fulton made a paddle wheel steamboat • The first full sized commercial steamboat was the Clermont • Demand rose • More than 500 in US by 1840 • By 1850’s steamboat carried people too • Steamboat moved goods more quickly and cheaply

29. Effects of the Steamboat • Increased trade and profits • Led to conflict over waterway rights • Led to the Ogden VS Gibbons case in 1819 - Aaron Ogden sued Thomas Gibbons for using his boat in Ogden’s water. -Case reached Supreme Court in 1824 -Court reinforced federal government’s authority to regulate trade between states -This ended monopolistic control over water ways in several states.

30. Works Cited • Gudmestad, Robert H. "Steamboat." Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. Ed. Paul Finkelman. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 241-242. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. • Deverell, William, Deborah Gray White, “United States History: Beginnings to 1877,” 2007, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Austin, Texas.

31. Cotton Gin Sara Kniaz and Libby Tofig

32. History of the cotton gin • In the early 1790s, demand for American cotton was very high • Before cotton could be weaved into cloth, the seeds needed to be removed • This took a very long time • In 1792, Eli Whitney visited a plantation in Georgia owned by Catherine Greene • It had a machine to remove seeds from long staple cotton, but not short staple • Greene asked Whitney to improve it • In 1793, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin was patented

33. What is it? • Cotton gins could produce 50 lbs of cotton per day • A laborer working by hand could once expect to produce only one pound of cleaned cotton per day • Used to remove seeds from short staple cotton • Used a hand-cranked cylinder with wire teeth to pull cotton fibers from seeds

35. the nativist movement Tori Walter, Julia Crawford

36. Nativist movement • Nativists-Americans and others who opposed immigration. • Industrial jobs in the Northeast attracted many people • Native-born American's feared losing their jobs to the immigrants. • A prior problem in Europe between Protestants and Catholics caused the Protestants who were currently living in America to mistrust the new Catholic immigrants. • The Know-Nothing political party was founded in 1849 by the nativists.

37. Nativist Movement • The Know-Nothing party tried to ensure that it was difficult for immigrants to be part of government and to become citizens. • The Know- Nothing party wanted to require immigrants to live in the US for 21 years before they could become citizens • The party got its name when a member was questioned about the party and he responded “I know nothing.”

38. Nativist Movement • The Know-Nothing party was also known as the American Party • By 1854 the group had about a million members • The Know-Nothings held 43 seats in the House of Representatives during 1855 • In 1856 the party disappeared due to the fact that they never had a clear stance on slavery • This relates to the mills because mill owners wanted to hire immigrants because they were cheaper then native citizens

39. pictures

40. The Temperance Movement By: Gabby Mauro and Devon Mela

41. Temperance Movement • Temperance Movement- the objection against destructive effects of alcohol • First national crusade in the 19th century • Movement focused on abstinence from alcohol • Activists- people who started the temperance movement • Activists felt that alcohol had negative effects on the people, community, and the whole nation

42. Temperance Movement • Activists felt alcohol was responsible for “personal and societal” problems • Personal and Societal Problems- unemployment, absence in work place, and physical violence • Activists made short stories and books about how alcohol resulted in abuse for families • The Activists informed some legislative members about the movement which resulted in Maine prohibiting alcohol consumption.

43. Temperance Movement • Twelve other states tried to prohibit alcohol as well but people ignored it so they stopped enforcing it • This related to the people working at the mills because the owners did not want workers to be drinking because it could be effecting their performance

44. Pictures

45. Prison Reform and American Anti-Slavery Society Josh Mould, Joe Segel, and John Hendricks

46. Mentally Ill people • Dorthea Dix visited Prisons in 1841 • Found mentally ill people with regular criminals • Horrific conditions prisoners in dark cell without clothes, heat, chained to walls and beaten

47. Orphans and Runaways • Prisons also held orphans and runaways • Relied on begging and stealing for food • Once tried as adults then got different punishments (reform schools) taught useful skills and had strict rules

48. Houses of Correction • Many disliked overcrowded prisons • houses of correction formed • Used punishment and education (for adult convicts)

49. Two different Prison types • Auburn- labor, isolated cells, communal mess hall • Inmates beaten, sometimes died • Quaker- Isolation for reflection

50. American Slavery Society • Some people opposed to slavery before US became country. • Quakers challenged slaver over religous terms • Many opinions about slaves • Colonies established for freed African American slaves