Middle East: Imperialism and Nationalism

1. Middle East:Imperialism and Nationalism

2. #17 Similarity between Atatürk, Muhammad Ali and Reza Khan • Nationalist Leaders • they all tried to create modern industrialized nations and end foreign influence

3. Imperialism & Nationalism • Imperialism: control of one country of the political, economic and cultural life of another country • Mandate: region ruled by outside power: any territory that was placed by the League of Nations under the administration of one of its European member states after World War I • Nationalism: desire for political independence:  • especially by a country under foreign control or • by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of their own • Relationship? • Cause and effect

4. “The Sick Man of Europe” • In the 18th and 19th centuries, Ottoman Empire faces major challenges from the following nations/people: • Austria-Hungary – rival power in Europe • Russia – rival power in Europe and Asia • BOTH want territory from the Ottomans 3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians living within Ottoman Empire • These people wanted INDEPENDENCE from Ottomans

5. “The Sick Man of Europe” • France and England alarmed by Ottoman decline; believe it will give Russia too much power in Europe and Middle East • They call Ottomans “The Sick Man of Europe”

6. Ottoman Empire #1 Challenges to the Ottoman Empire: • Imperialism: external • Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted Ottoman provinces in Europe –encouraged revolts • Nationalism: internal • National groups within the empire sought independence • Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians

7. #2 Sultans try to Reforms of the Ottoman Empire • Reforms to modernize the government & the army • Like west • Set up secular schools to teach students western ideas in science and technology • SECULAR: nonreligious WERE REFORMS SUCCESSFUL? • Reforms didn’t go smoothly • Many Sultans refused demands

8. # 3 YOUNG TURKS • Young army officers who wanted to Reform/strengthen the Ottoman Government – against the Sultans and put their own Sultan in place • were nationalists: #4 • Revolted against the absolute rule of the Sultan • Restore the constitution – strengthen failing empire • Ended Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and religions • Turkification of ethnic minorities • Promoted modernization • Joined WWI on side of Germans

9. # 4 Young Turks support Turkish Nationalism • Wanted to end western imperialism • Wanted to abandon diversity of culture and religions • Followed a brutal policy of genocide that cause the death of hundreds of thousands of Armenians.

10. Resting after battle during Turkish revolution Link to Understanding Armenian Genocide Newsela Reading Armenian Genocide

11. The Armenian Genocide 1915 -1918 The Armenian Genocide occurred because: • The Young Turks’ Pan-Turkism ideology (Turkey for the Turks only). • The Turks were afraid the Armenians would join Russia in the war against Turkey. • The Ottoman Empire was crumbling, and the loss of territory in Europe and Africa. • Armenians’ cultural and intellectual awakening and their demands for fair treatment and equal place in society. • Lack of Armenian Christian Loyalty • Turkey became allied with Germany in WW I against England, France and Russia.

12. The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Genocide 1915 -1918 • Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in 1916-1917 • After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their support of Russia • Turks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian Genocide • As many as 1.5 million Armenians are killed • Armenian Genocide Video • 60 Minutes Armenian Genocide 2010 video : 10 min • Armenian Genocide ABC World news tonight with Peter Jennings video 5:02

13. Mehmed VI The Last Ottoman Sultan!

14. #5 What happened to the Ottoman Empire after WWI? • The Ottoman empire sided with Germany against Russia, Britain and France. • Defeat brought disaster to the Empire. • 1919 the Versailles peace conference stripped the Ottoman Empire of its Arab provinces. MANDATE: TERRITORY THAT WAS ADMINISTERED BUT NOT OWNED BY A MEMBER OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN)

15. WWI Effects on Arabs • Angered by Treaty/agreement: Why? • Promises were made and broken to Arabs about setting up independent Arab Kingdoms for revolting against Ottoman rule • Arab land was divided up between the British and French • Sykes-Picot Agreement • Mandates: • A territory administered but not owned by a member of the League of Nations.

17. Mandates • A territory administered but not owned by a member of the League of Nations.

19. Republic of Turkey1923 • Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and Austria-Hungary during World War I. • Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its remaining territories outside Anatolia are lost • Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets up a modern, secular state

20. #6 Who was Kemal Atatürk? • Atatürk= Father of the Turk • Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – military hero • Declared the Republic of Turkey (1923)

21. #7 What did Kemal want to do? • Determined to make Turkey a modern secular state – Program of Westernization

22. Reforms of Atatürk

23. #7 What did Kemal want to do? • He used government funds to build industry • Insisted on separation of religion and government • Women won the right to vote & hold public office - rights • Adopted many features of western culture • Replaced Arabic script with the western alphabet, western calendar, metric system • He encouraged western-style clothing

24. A woman judge holding court in Turkey • A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938.

25. Turkey Adopting a New Alphabet • Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women.

26. #8 Who opposed Atatürk? • Some Muslims opposed Atatürk’s policies • Concerned that the western ways would destroy their traditions and values • Opposed Westernization: • the diffusion and adoption of European and American cultures

27. Quick Check The peace settlements after World War I angered the Arabs because 1. the Ottoman Empire was restored to power 2. Arab nationalism was outlawed 3. European nations acquired mandates over various Arab lands 4. Theodore Herzl was made ruler of Palestine

28. Quick Check Atatürk is best remembered for 1. ending European imperialism in Egypt. 2. modernizing Turkey. 3. overthrowing the Safavid Empire. 4. forcing the crusaders to leave Jerusalem.

29. Rise of Modern Egypt • Ottomans lose control of Egypt in the late 18th century • England and France fight for control over Egypt - trade

30. Rise of Modern Egypt • Rivalry between Britain and France (#9) • Both countries wanted to dominate Egypt and build a canal across the Isthmus of Suez

31. Rise of Modern Egypt • (#10) Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) becomes governor of Egypt -he was a soldier who fought against the French • He introduced reforms to modernize Egypt • Brought in French experts to train Egyptians in latest military & science techniques • Introduced new farming techniques & promoted growing cash crops like cotton, sugar & tobacco • textile mills Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)

32. #11 Developments encouraging Nationalism in Egypt • Financial problems allowed imperialists to intervene • Had to borrow money from European banks to continue policies (debt) • Lost control of the Suez Canal • Lost control of own economy

33. Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849) • Map of the Suez Canal

34. The Suez Canal • Egypt borrows large sums of money from England and France to pay for Ali’s policies • England and France interfere in Egyptian economy and politics • French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in 1869

35. British Occupation • Egyptians attempt to take back control of their country from Britain and France • Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 • Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but Suez Canal remains under British control until 1956

36. Suez Canal • #12 • Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 • Egypt declared their independence from Britain in 1922 • Egypt gained control of the Suez Canal in 1956

37. Quick Check A similarity between Muhammad Ali and Atatürk was that both 1. wanted to build the Suez Canal 2. encouraged Islamic fundamentalism. 3. introduced western technology to their countries. 4. fought against the Allies in World War I.

39. #13 Challenges Iran faced • European imperialism • Russia and Britain both compete for influence in Iran (ancient Persia) • Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound familiar?) • spheres of influence - oil controlled by Britain • Shahs (king) were weak • Government lacked power to resist European expansion

40. #14 Pahlavi Dynasty • By early 1900’s, nationalists demand reform • Reza Khan declared Iran’s independence & set up Pahlavi Dynasty • Military leader • He made himself shah • In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty. He established a system of government that revitalized the goals of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran

41. Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944)

42. #15 Reza Khan’s Goals • He set out to end foreign control and create a modern industrial state • Reduce Muslim clergy power • He pursued these goals by modernizing and westernizing • Improved infrastructure • Rights for women, western education, government and laws

43. Arab Nationalism • Ottomans lose Arab lands after World War I • Britain and France gain control of most of these territories, angering the Arabs • Britain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & Palestine • France: gets Syria and Lebanon Mandate – arrangement granting control, but not ownership, of these territories to Britain and France

44. Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia." • British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916. • T. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of Arabia • Is angered when British do not grant Arabs independence

45. #16 Causes of Arab Nationalism • WWI • Felt betrayed because provinces now became mandates • Britain and France unwilling to withdrawl because of oil • Some independence for Arabs

46. #17 Similarity between Atatürk, Muhammad Ali and Reza Khan • Nationalist Leaders • they all tried to create modern industrialized nations and end foreign influence