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Chapter 12 The Islamic World

Chapter 12 The Islamic World. Section 1 – The Roots of Islam. Physical Features and Climate. Physical Features Deserts Water only exists in oases Sand dunes and hills. Climate Hot dry air Blazing sun. Two Ways of Life. Nomads Lived in tents Raised sheep, goats, and camels

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Chapter 12 The Islamic World

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  1. Chapter 12 The Islamic World

  2. Section 1 – The Roots of Islam

  3. Physical Features and Climate • Physical Features • Deserts • Water only exists in oases • Sand dunes and hills • Climate • Hot dry air • Blazing sun

  4. Two Ways of Life • Nomads • Lived in tents • Raised sheep, goats, and camels • Traveled in search of food and water • Belonged to tribes (families) which provided protection • Settlers • Made homes on oases • Farmed • Towns became centers of trade • Worked with people in the caravan trade

  5. Muhammad Becomes a Prophet • Born into important family in Mecca around 570 • Worked in the caravan business • Concerned when wealthy did not help the poor • Spent time meditating and praying • Muslims believe God spoke to Muhammad and made him a prophet • Messages from God were collected in the Qur’an

  6. Muhammad’s Teachings • Taught there was only 1 God – Allah • Muhammad’s teachings upset many Arabs for 2 reasons: • Didn’t like being told to stop worshipping their gods • New religion seemed like a threat to those who made money from pilgrimages

  7. Entry Task • Think about things in your daily life. • What activities, food or entertainment do you enjoy that comes from another culture? • List as many things that you can think of that come from other countries or cultures. • Example: Ninjas!

  8. Islam Spreads in Arabia

  9. Islam Spread in Arabia • At first Muhammad had few followers • As he gained more followers, Mecca’s rulers became worried and planned to kill him • In 622 Muhammad went to Medina • Muhammad became a spiritual and political leader in Medina • Medina grew strong and conflict with Mecca increased • In 630, Mecca gave in and accepted Islam • Muhammad died in 632, Islam continued to spread

  10. Section 2 – Islamic Beliefs and Practices • Collection of Muhammad’s teachings that were written down • Muslims believe the Qur’an was the word of God as it was told to Muhammad

  11. Islamic Beliefs • Only 1 god – Allah • Must obey Allah’s command • World will one day end • Those who obey will be granted life in paradise • Those who do not obey will suffer

  12. Guidelines for Behavior • Qur’an describes acts of worship, guidelines for moral behavior and rules for social life The Qur’an also describes relations among people

  13. The Five Pillars of Islam • Statement of Faith – Must say “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet.” • Daily Prayer – Muslims must pray 5 times a day • Yearly donation to charity – Muslims must pay to a religious official • Fasting – Muslims fast daily during the month of Ramadan • Hajj– Muslims must travel to Mecca at least once in their life

  14. The Sunnah and Daily Life Sunnah – the way Muhammad lived, which provides a model for the duties and the way of life expected of Muslims • The Sunnah includes: • Rules on how to treat others • Guidelines for relations in business and government

  15. Islamic Law • Shariah – a system based on Islamic sources and human reason that judges actions of individuals and the community • Scale: required accepted disapproved forbidden • Shariah sets: • rewards for good behavior • Punishements for crime

  16. Mr. Martin’s Prayer Challenge • Pray to God, five times a day. • Set reminders and talk to God. • Find a time that you can spend a few minutes quietly.

  17. Section 3 – Islamic Empires

  18. Muslim Armies Conquer Many Lands • After the death of Muhammad, Abu Bakr becomes leader • He was the first caliph • Unlike Muhammad, early caliphs were not religious leaders

  19. Trade Helps Islam Spread • Arab merchants took their Islamic beliefs to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia • Trade brought new products to Muslim lands, such as: paper, gunpowder, oranges, cotton, and rice

  20. The Growth of Cities • Trade brought many different people together and created wealth, which supported great cultural development in Muslim cities. • This is an example of cultural diffusion • Two key cities in the Muslim world were Baghdad in what is now Iraq and Cordoba, Spain.

  21. Three Muslim Empires

  22. The Ottoman Empire • Turkish warriors known as Ottomans take conquer and rule the land from eastern Europe to North Africa and Arabia • Led by Mehmed II, Ottomans conquer Constantinople and make this the new capital • Mecca and Medina accept Ottoman rule • Empire reached its height under Suleyman I, he took control of the eastern Mediterranean

  23. The Safavid Empire • It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia • The Safavid Empire was a theocracy • The Empire's economic strength came from its location on the trade routes • Empire lasted until the mid-1700s

  24. Sunni vs. Shi’a • The state religion of the Safavid Empire was Shi'a Islam • All other religions, and forms of Islam were suppressed • Shi’a Muslims believe all caliphs must be a descendent of Muhammad. • Sunni Muslims believed that caliphs did not have to descend from Muhammad.

  25. The Mughal Empire • Established in 1526 by Babur - Turkish Muslims from Central Asia • Mid-1500s emperor Akbar conquered new lands and strengthened the government • He began a tolerant religious policy • Known for works of architecture • Late 1600’s an emperor reversed tolerant policies and empire fell apart

  26. Section 4 – Cultural Achievements

  27. Astronomy • Muslims studies the stars, moon, and sun – improves clock making and time • Improved the astrolabe – used to figure out location on the earth

  28. Geography Geographers made more accurate maps • Developed better ways of calculating distances

  29. Math • Combined the Indian number system with the Greek science of Mathematics • Laid the foundation of modern algebra • “Arabic” numerals – numbers we use today

  30. Medicine • Combined Greek and Indian knowledge with their own • Started the first pharmacy school • Discovered how to treat smallpox • Wrote a medical encyclopedia

  31. Philosophy • Studied philosophy of rational thought • Sufism – movement of individuals who believe they can find god love by having a personal relationship with him

  32. Literature • Poetry – influence by Sufi, focused on Muslims loyalty to God • Short stories – legendary characters Sinbad, Aladdin, and Ali Baba

  33. Arts • Architecture – the most important Muslim art form • Built mosques, palaces, marketplaces, and libraries that include domes, arches, colored bricks, and decorative tiles • Art does not show any people or animals • Used calligraphy – fancy writing

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