HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION DAN HUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIONAL

1. HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION DANHUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIONAL MK: Hukum Humaniter Internasional

2. Pengertian HumanitarianIntervention • “Melakukan intervensi ke dalam urusan domestik suatu negara, dgn kekuatan senjata, untuk menghentikan pelanggaran HAM” • Isu HAM dan isu kemanusiaan lainnya telah menjadi isu globalyang di dalamnya termuat kepentingan yang lebih luas dari sekedar kepentingan nasional yang sempit. • Isu HAM dan isu kemanusiaan berlaku secara universal, dimana perlindungan dan penegakkan hak asasi manusia tidak bisa dihambat oleh sekat-sekat batas negara.

3. Realitas moral tentang penggunaan kekerasan/perang Ada 2 cara untuk menilai bisa tidaknya digunakan kekerasan(use of force): • Alasan penggunaan kekerasan • Asumsi just war • Asumsi unjust war  crime • Bagaimana perang itu dilakukan

4. Piagam PBB membolehkan penggunaan kekuatan senjata / kekerasan dlm 2 hal: • 1. Individual or collective self-defense • 2. Mandat UNSC di bawah Ch.VII  enforcement measures

5. Piagam PBB • Psl 2(4) tdk boleh gunakan kekerasan u/ menyerang wilayah atau kemerdekaan negara lain • Psl 2(7) PBB tdk akan intervensi urusan domestik suatu negara; kec. tindakan menurut Ch.VII • Ch. VII jk ada ancaman & gangguan thd perdamaian & keamanan, SC akan bertindak, dgn kekuatan senjata • ini semua berkaitan dgn hubungan antar negara; bgmn dg yg domestik?

6. BAGAIMANA DGN HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION? i. Pluralist international society theory • Asumsi realis, state-centric model yg menekankan pd keunggulan negara • Hak2 individual adl masalah jurisdiksi domestik • Baylis & Smith: • States donot intervene for primarily humanitarian reasons • State are not allowed to risk their soldier’s lives on humanitarian crusades • The problem of abuse • Selectivity of response • Disagreement on what principles should govern a right of humanitarian intervention

7. ii. Solidarist international society theory • Ada kewajiban moral & dlm intervensi kemanusiaan ada 2 pendapat: • Restrictionist: • PBB lah yg punya kewajiban utama u/ dorong perdamaian dunia • Shg kewajiban promosi HAM sejalan dgn kewajiban u/ perdamaian & keamanan int’l • Counter-restrictionist: • jk PBB gagal dlm lakukan tindakan dlm kasus pelanggaran kemanusiaan, mk negara scr individual punya hak u/ intervensi

8. Int’l Commission on Intervention & State Responsibilitymenekankan pada ‘responsibility to protect’ • Konsepsi kedaulatan & intervensi adl slg melengkapi • Ngr adl pihak yg tgg-jwb lindungi individu, tp jika Ngr tidak mau atau tidak mampuada aktor diluar Ngr yg bertindak • Otoritarianisme tidak mau • Failed states  tidak mampu

9. Praktek2 Humanitarian Intervention • Banyak kasus kemanusiaan, tp hanya sedikit intervensi • Dari sedikit yg ada, humanitarian intervention dilakukan bukan semata2 krn alasan kemanusiaan sbg alasan utama

10. Batasan2 dlm melakukan humanitarian intervention: • HAM dlm situasi yg sangat buruk / darurat • Negara ybs tdk dapat mengatasinya • Penggunaan kekuatan senjata sbg alternatif terakhir • Dilakukan secara kolektif • Tujuannya terbatas pd aspek2 kemanusiaan

11. LANJUTAN…. • Tindakan tsb harus dilaporkan ke UNSC • Tindakannya proporsional; tdk membuat kondisi lebih buruk • Penggunaan kekuatan senjata hrs sesuai dg hukum internasional  Pelaksanaan humanitarian intervention harus mematuhi ketentuan2 HHI

12. HHI & UN PEACE OPERATIONS • UN Peace-keeping & peace-enforcement operations • Applicability of IHL in PKO • Applicability of IHL in PEO

13. CAPSTONE DOCTRINEUN SECRETARIAT | UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES (2008)

14. PEACE MAKINGUN SECRETARIAT | UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES (2008) • measures to address conflicts in progress • involves diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to a negotiated agreement • The United Nations Secretary-General, upon the request of the Security Council or the General Assembly or at his her own initiative may exercise his or her “good offices” to facilitate the resolution of the conflict • Peacemakers may also be envoys, governments, groups of states, regional organizations or the United Nations. • Peacemaking efforts may also be undertaken by unofficial and non-governmental groups, or by a prominent personality working independently

15. PEACE ENFORCEMENTUN SECRETARIAT | UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES (2008) • involves the application, with the authorization of the Security Council, of a range of coercive measures, including the use of military force. • Such actions are authorized to restore international peace and security in situations where the Security Council has determined the existence of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. • The Security Council may utilize, where appropriate, regional organizations and agencies for enforcement action under its authority

16. PEACE KEEPINGUNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES (2008) • Technique designed to preserve the peace where fighting has been halted • To assist in implementing agreements achieved by the peacemakers • lay the foundations for sustainable peace • incorporate a complex model of many elements; military, police and civilian

17. PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS • Africa • United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) • African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) • United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) • United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) • United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) • United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) • United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) • Americas • United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) • Asia and the Pacific • United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) • United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) • United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) • Europe • United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) • United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) • Middle East • United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) • United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) • United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)

18. Peacekeeping Operation trend and evolvement

19. PEACE BUILDINGUNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES (2008) • Complex, long-term process of creating the necessary conditions for sustainable peace. It works by addressing the deep-rooted, structural causes of violent conflict in a comprehensive manner. • Reducing the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management • Addressing core issues that affect the functioning of society and the State, and seek to enhance the capacity of the State to effectively and legitimately carry out its core functions

20. Observance by United Nations forces of international humanitarian law • The fundamental principles and rules of IHL are applicable to United Nations forces when in situations of armed conflict they are actively engaged therein as combatants, to the extent and for the duration of their engagement. They are accordingly applicable in enforcement actions, or in peacekeeping operations when the use of force is permitted in self-defense. • This provision does not affect the protected status of members of PKO under the 1994 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel or their status as non-combatants, as long as they are entitled to the protection given to civilians under the international law of armed conflict. • In case of violations of IHL, members of the military personnel of a United Nations force are subject to prosecution in their national courts.

21. IHL provisions • Protection of the civilian populations • Means and methods of combat • Treatment of civilians & person hors de combat • Treatment of detained persons • Protection of the wounded, the sick, and medical & relief personnel