Organska kemija predavanja

16. Figure Number: 05-01-01UN Title: Molecule with Asymmetric Carbon Caption: A molecule with an asymmetric carbon is chiral. Notes: Carbon atoms which have four different things attached to them are asymmetric, or chiral. They are not superimposable with their mirror images.Figure Number: 05-01-01UN Title: Molecule with Asymmetric Carbon Caption: A molecule with an asymmetric carbon is chiral. Notes: Carbon atoms which have four different things attached to them are asymmetric, or chiral. They are not superimposable with their mirror images.

17. Figure Number: 05-01-10UN Title: Chiral and Achiral Molecules Caption: Structures of a chiral molecule, an achiral molecule, and mirror images of the two. Notes: A chiral molecule has a nonsuperimposable mirror image. An achiral molecule has a superimposable mirror image. Figure Number: 05-01-10UN Title: Chiral and Achiral Molecules Caption: Structures of a chiral molecule, an achiral molecule, and mirror images of the two. Notes: A chiral molecule has a nonsuperimposable mirror image. An achiral molecule has a superimposable mirror image.

19. Figure Number: 05-01-14UN Title: Stereocenters Caption: Five stereocenters depicted in three molecules. Notes: A stereocenter is an atom at which the interchange of two groups yields two different nonsuperimposable molecules. Asymmetric carbons are stereocenters and so are carbons which hold attached substituents in E or Z isomeric configurations.Figure Number: 05-01-14UN Title: Stereocenters Caption: Five stereocenters depicted in three molecules. Notes: A stereocenter is an atom at which the interchange of two groups yields two different nonsuperimposable molecules. Asymmetric carbons are stereocenters and so are carbons which hold attached substituents in E or Z isomeric configurations.

20. Figure Number: 05-01-41UN Title: Plane-Polarized Light Caption: Plane-polarized light oscillates only in a single plane. Notes: Plane-polarized light is produced by passing normal light through a polarizer such as a polarized lens or Nicol prism.Figure Number: 05-01-41UN Title: Plane-Polarized Light Caption: Plane-polarized light oscillates only in a single plane. Notes: Plane-polarized light is produced by passing normal light through a polarizer such as a polarized lens or Nicol prism.

23. Figure Number: 05-01-44UN Title: Achiral Compound in Plane-Polarized Light Caption: An achiral compound does not rotate the plane of polarized light. It is optically inactive. Notes: When plane-polarized light passes through a solution of achiral molecules, the light emerges from the solution with its direction of polarization unchanged, because there is no asymmetry in the molecules.Figure Number: 05-01-44UN Title: Achiral Compound in Plane-Polarized Light Caption: An achiral compound does not rotate the plane of polarized light. It is optically inactive. Notes: When plane-polarized light passes through a solution of achiral molecules, the light emerges from the solution with its direction of polarization unchanged, because there is no asymmetry in the molecules.

24. Figure Number: 05-01-45UN Title: Chiral Compound in Plane-Polarized Light Caption: A chiral compound rotates the plane of polarized light in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Notes: If one enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in a clockwise direction, its mirror image will rotate the plane of polarized light by an equal amount but in the opposite direction.Figure Number: 05-01-45UN Title: Chiral Compound in Plane-Polarized Light Caption: A chiral compound rotates the plane of polarized light in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Notes: If one enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in a clockwise direction, its mirror image will rotate the plane of polarized light by an equal amount but in the opposite direction.

25. Figure Number: 05-02 Title: Schematic of a Polarimeter Caption: The amount that an optically active compound rotates the plane of polarized light can be measured by a polarimeter. Notes: Because the amount of rotation depends on the wavelength of the light used, the light source for a polarimeter must produce light with a single wavelength.Figure Number: 05-02 Title: Schematic of a Polarimeter Caption: The amount that an optically active compound rotates the plane of polarized light can be measured by a polarimeter. Notes: Because the amount of rotation depends on the wavelength of the light used, the light source for a polarimeter must produce light with a single wavelength.

26. Figure Number: 05-02-05UN Title: Enantiomeric Excess Formula Caption: Calculation of enantiomeric excess for a compound with an optical purity of 40%. Notes: Optical purity and isomeric purity are not the same. A 50/50 mixture of two enantiomers has a 50% isomeric purity, but a zero optical purity or enantiomeric excess. To convert from enantiomeric excess to isomeric purity, divide the percent enantiomeric excess by two and add the result to 50%.Figure Number: 05-02-05UN Title: Enantiomeric Excess Formula Caption: Calculation of enantiomeric excess for a compound with an optical purity of 40%. Notes: Optical purity and isomeric purity are not the same. A 50/50 mixture of two enantiomers has a 50% isomeric purity, but a zero optical purity or enantiomeric excess. To convert from enantiomeric excess to isomeric purity, divide the percent enantiomeric excess by two and add the result to 50%.

30. Figure Number: 05-00CO Title: Pair of Enantiomers Caption: A molecule that has a nonidentical mirror image, which does not contain a plane of symmetry is said to be chiral. Notes: The most familiar chiral objects are your hands. A plane of symmetry is a plane that cuts a molecule in two halves, each of which is the mirror image of the other.Figure Number: 05-00CO Title: Pair of Enantiomers Caption: A molecule that has a nonidentical mirror image, which does not contain a plane of symmetry is said to be chiral. Notes: The most familiar chiral objects are your hands. A plane of symmetry is a plane that cuts a molecule in two halves, each of which is the mirror image of the other.

31. Figure Number: 05-01 Title: Figure 5.1 Caption: Original and mirror images of a hand and a chair. Notes: A chiral object is not the same as its mirror image�they are nonsuperimposable (i.e., the hand). An achiral object is the same as its mirror image�they are superimposable (i.e., the chair). Figure Number: 05-01 Title: Figure 5.1 Caption: Original and mirror images of a hand and a chair. Notes: A chiral object is not the same as its mirror image�they are nonsuperimposable (i.e., the hand). An achiral object is the same as its mirror image�they are superimposable (i.e., the chair).

34. Figure Number: 05-01-19UN Title: Steering-Wheel Analogy to Priority Assignment Caption: Turning a steering wheel clockwise results in a right (rectus, R) turn and turning it counterclockwise results in a left (sinister, S) turn. Notes: The steering-wheel analogy aids in remembering that ordering highest priority groups in front of a chiral stereocenter in a clockwise fashion results in an R configuration, whereas orienting these groups in a counterclockwise fashion yields an S onfiguration.Figure Number: 05-01-19UN Title: Steering-Wheel Analogy to Priority Assignment Caption: Turning a steering wheel clockwise results in a right (rectus, R) turn and turning it counterclockwise results in a left (sinister, S) turn. Notes: The steering-wheel analogy aids in remembering that ordering highest priority groups in front of a chiral stereocenter in a clockwise fashion results in an R configuration, whereas orienting these groups in a counterclockwise fashion yields an S onfiguration.