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The Beginnings of Industrialization!

The Beginnings of Industrialization! . Origins in Britain. Agricultural Revolution paves way Mid 1700s Land ownership / enclosures Technological advancements in farming and less people involved in ownership leads to more people available for factory work… woohoo !!! Rotating crops

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The Beginnings of Industrialization!

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  1. The Beginnings of Industrialization!

  2. Origins in Britain • Agricultural Revolution paves way • Mid 1700s • Land ownership / enclosures • Technological advancements in farming and less people involved in ownership leads to more people available for factory work…woohoo!!! • Rotating crops • Rotate wheat, turnips, barley, etc. to regenerate nutrients in soil

  3. Why Did Ind. Rev. begin in Britain? • Natural Resources • Water and water, mainly • Expanded economy – advanced banks • Political stability • Factors of production existed • Land, labor, capital, wealth

  4. Spinning Shuttle – 1733

  5. Spinning Jenny – 1764

  6. Water Frame – 1769

  7. Spinning Mule – 1779

  8. Cotton Gin – 1793

  9. Transportation Improvements • Watt’s Steam Engine • Robert Fulton • Steam ship ‘ The Clermont’ • John McAdam • Macadam roads (turnpike) • And eventually….RR

  10. The railroad transforms everything

  11. RR Development • Steam driven locomotives • First developed – 1804, first RR line – 1821 • First RR line in world – 1829 (Liverpool to Manchester) “The Rocket” – 24mph • First RR line in Chicago – 1837 (Galena line, but only to Oak Park…) • Changes in British life: spurred industrial growth, created many jobs, encouraged Brits to take distant jobs

  12. Urbanization • 1800s – population shifting towards cities • 1800 – 1850 – number of European cities with more than 100,000 people rises from 22 to 47 • London is largest city in world by 1830 (over Beijing) between 1800 and 1900, London grows from 1.3 million to 6.6 million people

  13. Living Conditions • No sanitation codes • Garbage piles in streets • Overcrowded • Lack of police • Illness and cholera spread • 1842 – avg. lifespan in London – 17 years • avg. lifespan in rural Britain – 38 years Manchester England – mid 1800s

  14. Working Conditions • 14 hours per day, 6 days per week • Injuries, dangerous • Avg. miner’s lifespan – 10 years shorter

  15. Social Classes in Britain • Growing middle class • Business owners/managers move up in society to equal of nobility • Working Class • Factory workers • Luddites – group of angry workers who attacked factories, believed machines put them out of business

  16. Positive Results of Ind. Rev. • Created jobs • Contributed to wealth of some nations • Fostered technological progress and belief in prosperity • Any others we can think of?

  17. CAPITALISM • Factors of production privately owned • Laissez Faire • French for ‘let do’ – no interference from gov’t • Adam Smith • 1776 – Wealth of Nations • Law of self interest • Law of competition • Law of supply/demand

  18. CAPITALISM • Thomas Malthus • An Essay on Principles of Population 1798 • Population increases faster than food production – therefore most people will always be poor • David Ricardo • Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 1817 • Believed permanent group would always be poor Both thinkers opposed government intervention to assist poor.

  19. Utilitarianism • Jeremy Benthem – late 1700s • People should judge ideas and gov’t based off their utility (usefulness) • Gov’t should allow individuals to pursue their own advantage without interference • John Stuart Mill – 1800s • Unregulated capitalism would deprive workers • Wanted more equal distribution of wealth • Robert Owen • British factory owner who tried to create a utopia

  20. SOCIALISM • Factors of production owned by public and operate for welfare of all. • Any examples of socialism in modern United States?

  21. COMMUNISM • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Germans) • 1848 – Communist Manifesto • Battle between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat • Workers will overthrow owners • Gov’t will wither away and cease to exist • No private property • Led to 20th Century revolutions (Russia, Cuba, China) Karl Marx

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