Sectionalism: Causes of Civil War & Reconstruction Impact

1. Competency Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War and Reconstruction (1848-1877) - The learner will analyze the issues that the Civil War, the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation.

2. 3.01 Essential Question • How did political, economic, and social differences develop into the sectionalism that split the North and the South?

3. Know-Nothings Abolitionist movement Slave codes Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman Free Soil Party Compromise of 1850 Popular Sovereignty Fugitive Slave Act Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansas-Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Republican Party Brooks-Sumner Incident Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Lincoln-Douglas Debates Freeport Doctrine John Brown and Harpers Ferry Vocabulary

5. Top Five Causes of the Civil WarLeading up to Secession and the Civil WarBy Martin Kelly, About.com Guide • 1. Economic and social differences between the North and the South. • With Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became very profitable. This machine was able to reduce the time it took to separate seeds from the cotton. However, at the same time the increase in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton meant the greater need for a large amount of cheap labor, i.e. slaves. Thus, the southern economy became a one crop economy, depending on cotton and therefore on slavery. On the other hand, the northern economy was based more on industry than agriculture. In fact, the northern industries were purchasing the raw cotton and turning it into finished goods. This disparity between the two set up a major difference in economic attitudes. The South was based on the plantation system while the North was focused on city life. This change in the North meant that society evolved as people of different cultures and classes had to work together. On the other hand, the South continued to hold onto an antiquated social order.

6. 2. States versus federal rights. • Since the time of the Revolution, two camps emerged: those arguing for greater states rights and those arguing that the federal government needed to have more control. The first organized government in the US after the American Revolution was under the Articles of Confederation. The thirteen states formed a loose confederation with a very weak federal government. However, when problems arose, the weakness of this form of government caused the leaders of the time to come together at the Constitutional Convention and create, in secret, the US Constitution. Strong proponents of states rights like Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry were not present at this meeting. Many felt that the new constitution ignored the rights of states to continue to act independently. They felt that the states should still have the right to decide if they were willing to accept certain federal acts. This resulted in the idea of nullification, whereby the states would have the right to rule federal acts unconstitutional. The federal government denied states this right. However, proponents such as John C. Calhoun fought vehemently for nullification. When nullification would not work and states felt that they were no longer respected, they moved towards secession.

7. 3. The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents. • As America began to expand, first with the lands gained from the Louisiana Purchase and later with the Mexican War, the question of whether new states admitted to the union would be slave or free. The Missouri Compromise passed in 1820 made a rule that prohibited slavery in states from the former Louisiana Purchase the latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes north except in Missouri. During the Mexican War, conflict started about what would happen with the new territories that the US expected to gain upon victory. David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso in 1846 which would ban slavery in the new lands. However, this was shot down to much debate. The Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between slave and free states, northern and southern interests. One of the provisions was the fugitive slave act that was discussed in number one above. Another issue that further increased tensions was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free or slave. The real issue occurred in Kansas where proslavery Missourians began to pour into the state to help force it to be slave. They were called "Border Ruffians." Problems came to a head in violence at Lawrence Kansas. The fighting that occurred caused it to be called "Bleeding Kansas." The fight even erupted on the floor of the senate when antislavery proponent Charles Sumner was beat over the head by South Carolina's Senator Preston Brooks.

8. 4. Growth of the Abolition Movement. • Increasingly, the northerners became more polarized against slavery. Sympathies began to grow for abolitionists and against slavery and slaveholders. This occurred especially after some major events including: the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Dred Scott Case, John Brown's Raid, and the passage of the fugitive slave act that held individuals responsible for harboring fugitive slaves even if they were located in non-slave states. • 5. The election of Abraham Lincoln. • Even though things were already coming to a head, when Lincoln was elected in 1860, South Carolina issued its "Declaration of the Causes of Secession." They believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery and in favor of Northern interests. Before Lincoln was even president, seven states had seceded from the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

10. Know-Nothings Abolitionist movement Slave codes Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman Free Soil Party Compromise of 1850 Popular Sovereignty Fugitive Slave Act Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansas-Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Republican Party Brooks-Sumner Incident Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Lincoln-Douglas Debates Freeport Doctrine John Brown and Harpers Ferry QuizPick 5

11. Objective 3.02 • Analyze and assess the causes of the Civil War • Manufacturing vs. Agriculture • Tariff Question • Extension of Slavery • Immigration • Election of 1860 • Constitutionality of Secession • Fort Sumpter

12. Election of 1860 • Candidates • Electoral Vote • Popular Vote • Election Map

14. Map of Secession

15. Fort Sumpter

16. Lincoln's Inaugural Address • I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. • We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

17. Jefferson Davis Inauguration • Sustained by a consciousness that our transition from the former Union to the present Confederacy has not proceeded from any disregard on our part of our just obligations, or any failure to perform every constitutional duty -- moved by no intention or design to invade the rights of others -- anxious to cultivate peace and commerce with all nations -- if we may not hope to avoid war, we may at least expect that posterity will acquit us of having needlessly engaged in it. We are doubly justified by the absence of wrong on our part, and by wanton aggression on the part of others. There can be no cause to doubt that the courage and patriotism of the people of the Confederate States will be found equal to any measure of defense which may be required for their security. Devoted to agricultural pursuits, their chief interest is the export of a commodity required in every manufacturing country. Our policy is peace, and the freest trade our necessities will permit. It is alike our interest, and that of all those to whom we would sell and from whom we would buy, that there should be the fewest practicable restrictions upon interchange of commodities. There can be but little rivalry between us and any manufacturing or navigating community, such as the Northwestern States of the American Union.

18. Objective 3.03 Identify political and military turning points of the Civil War and assess their significance to the outcome of the conflict.

19. Essential Questions • 3.03 Why are the Battle of Gettysburg and the Siege of Vicksburg considered the military turning points of the Civil War? • 3.03 How did the political actions of President Lincoln affect the outcome of the war? • 3.03 Was it inevitable that the North would win the war?

20. Anaconda Plan/Blockade First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas Antietam Vicksburg Gettysburg Gettysburg Address Sherman’s March African-American participation Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant George McClellan Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Vocabulary

21. Strengths and Weaknesses

22. Turning Points Map • Draw and explain the Union’s Anaconda plan • Color in the states that stayed in the Union • Color in the states that seceded and formed the Confederacy • Locate the following on the Map • Antietam • Gettysburg • Vicksburg • Atlanta • Appomattox Courthouse