The Age of Jefferson

1. 1801-1816 The Age of Jefferson

2. Was much more casual then past Pres’ • Wanted to make gov. more democratic • All people have the same rights • Wanted to end political disputes • Wanted to lessen the Fed. Gov’s power

3. New Economic Policies • Reduced federal budget to keep debt low • Albert Gallatin (Sec. of Treasury) & Jefferson believed in laissez fair (leave alone) and a free market (goods & services are exchanged w/ little regulation) • Gov. should play as small a role as possible in gov. • Less Active Gov. • Repeal whiskey tax, reduced army & navy & gov. jobs • Kept Bank of US & continued to pay off state debts

4. 2. Strengthening the Supreme Court • Adams appointed 58 Federalists to jobs in Gov. b4 term ended • Jefferson told Madison not to seal papers so appointees couldn’t take office • William Marbury was one & sued Madison for writ of assistance (forced) to give papers from Judiciary Act • Chief Justice John Marshall had to decide case

5. Marshall wrote that Judiciary Act was unconstitutional • Gave Supreme Court power of Judicial Review • Jefferson unhappy b/c he thought it went against balance of 3 branches

6. The Louisiana Purchase • Surrendered by Spain to France in 1800 • Voided Pinckney Treaty • Gave U.S. right of deposit in New Orleans • Threatened hold on lands W. of Appalachians • Farmers might not get crops to market. • Feared Napoleon building a N. American empire – Which was his plan!

7. Toussaint L’Ouverture • Led a slave revolt on the island of Hispaniola • Finally crushed after Napoleon sent 20,000 troops • Ended Napoleon’s dream of a N. American empire

8. Negotiations • James Monroe & Robert Livingston -Sent to France to negotiate deal • Authorized to purchase New Orleans & W. Florida for up to $10 million • Talleyrand - French offered all of Louisiana for $15 million in 1803 • 60 million francs or 3¢ per acre • Monroe & Livingston agreed w/o consent of Jefferson or Congress

10. Jefferson’s Dilemma • Believed negotiation had no power to add new territory or to grant citizenship to residents of territory • So concluded the purchase was unconstitutional • He submitted the treaty to the Senate anyway, which easily ratified • Opposed by the Federalists • B/c the W. had been voting Republican = More western states, more Republicans, less control for Federalists

11. Lewis and Clark • Sent to explore the Louisiana Purchase(1804-06) • Meriwether Lewis – Jefferson’s personal secretary & William Clark – professional soldier left from St. Louis in 1804 • Assisted by Sacajawea - Shoshone guide & translator • Followed course of Missouri R. to mouth of Columbia R. • Giving the U.S. claims to the Oregon Country

13. Achievements of Lewis & Clark Expedition • Pike traveled to Colorado mountains named Pikes Peak and into Mexico & Texas Described plants & animals they saw Created map of route to Pacific Ocean Lewis & Clark Expedition Reported on climate in regions they visited Gathered info on N.A. they met Explored large area of Louisiana Purchase

14. New Threats Overseas • Began trading in Pacific NW & to China • Traded in Med. Sea but dangerous in Barbary States (N. Africa) • Had to pay yearly tribute (bribe) to trade • Pirates captured goods & ships until 1805 • Led to bigger US Navy • 1803 – Britain & France had another war • US stayed neutral while F. & B. again took US ships • B. used impressment (force ppl into service) of US sailors

16. Jefferson issued Embargo Act (ban on trade) hoping to hurt Britain & France • Hurt Americans selling items & buying supplies • Ppl smuggled (importing or exporting goods illegally) • Nonintercourse Act: repealed Embargo Act & said US can trade w/ every1 but F & B • 1808 – James Madison was easily elected

17. The Road to War • Native Americans & settlers began fighting over land west of App. Mtns. • N.A. mad settlers built farms & hunted their animals • Techumseh tried to form confederation in Ohio to stop white settlers • Settlers fought NA in Battle of Tippecanoe • Both suffered heavy losses but settlers won • NA still vowed to resist settlers

18. F. agreed to peace if US would trade w/ only them • War Hawks: merchants, South & West settlers who wanted to go to war w/ B. • Led by Henry Clay (Kentucky) who had strong sense of nationalism (devotion to one’s country) • Wanted to punish B. for taking ships & impressment • Conquer Canada & gain Florida from Spain (ally of B.) • B. were giving ammunition & weapons to encourage N.A. to fight settlers

19. British continued to take US ships • 1811 battle in NYC – US crippled war ship • June 1812 – Madison & Congress declare war on B.

20. War of 1812 • US unprepared 4 war • Army small & poorly trained & navy ships # small • Most of B. troops fighting French still • 8/1812 – USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere, which stunned British • US tried for Canada but B. general made it look like had more soldiers • Battle of Lake Erie • American Oliver Perry won lake for US

21. 1814 B. defeated F. so focus turned on US • Aug. 1814 – British easily defeated untrained US soldier in Washington D.C. • Burned White House & other buildings • Marched north to Baltimore & Fort McHenry • Americans able to defeat them • Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner”

22. Battle of New Orleans – 1815 • B. wanted to sail up Miss. River • Andrew Jackson, Tenn. Officer, took control of frontiers fighters who were well trained • Americans dug trenches waiting for B. to attack • Over 2,000 B. were killed in battle = 7 Americans • Battle actually took place 2 weeks after peace treaty

23. African Americans helped US win in army & navy • New Englanders & Federalists disliked war b/c new states meant less influence in gov. for them • Hartford Convention – threatened to leave union • Treaty of Ghent – Dec. 24, 1814 • Restore prewar conditions • Nothing about impressments or neutrality