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Ch. 13 - Reformation Catholic Responses

Ch. 13 - Reformation Catholic Responses. By: Lynn Wang Period 5. Caravaggio < http://i43.tinypic.com/20ac40z.jpg. Before We Begin…. Church Strengths: Most of the population remained loyal to the Church 2 Had appeal of security and familiarity, as well as splendor in rituals, art 1

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Ch. 13 - Reformation Catholic Responses

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  1. Ch. 13 - ReformationCatholic Responses By: Lynn Wang Period 5 Caravaggio <http://i43.tinypic.com/20ac40z.jpg

  2. Before We Begin… • Church Strengths: • Most of the population remained loyal to the Church 2 • Had appeal of security and familiarity, as well as splendor in rituals, art 1 • Support from poor by Church charity 1 • Church Weaknesses: • Many areas of Europe turned Protestant 1 • Pope has limited power 1 • Need for organized, defined doctrine 1 • Church recognized need for reforms… 1 Counter-Reformation/Catholic Revival 1(Chambers) 2 (Sherman)

  3. Reformation Map Map of Europe separated by each region’s religion <http://historyofeuropeanfashion.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/baroquewomen.jpg?w=486&h=345>

  4. Pope Paul III • Previously, weak popes in Catholic Church 1 • Pope Paul III is elected 1534 1 • Ultimate goal: strengthen papacy’s role in Church 1 Pope Paul III - Titian <http://www.jssgallery.org/Other_Artists/Titian/PortraitPopePaulIII.jpg> • Proposes Church Council to organize Church 1 doctrine  Council of Trent (1545) 1 • Roman Inquisition 1 • Added highly qualified members to College of Cardinals (elects popes) to ensure succession of competent popes 1 • St. Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V 2 1(Chambers) 2 (Pollen “The Counter-Reformation”)

  5. Pope Paul III (Cont.) • Not particularly pious • Trained to become an apolostic notary - handles Church’s paperwork (“Pope Paul III” -wiki, “Notarius”) • Had a mistress (Sylvia Ruffini), several children (gave positions, ex: cardinal) (“Pope Paul III”) • **Interesting thought** - Pope Paul III embodied the “impious” papacy that began the Reformation • Made Sublimus Dei – forbid slavery of native Americans, but instituted it elsewhere (“Sublimus Dei”) • Supported the arts • Farnesse Palace (“Pope Paul III - NNDB”) • Had Michelangelo paint The Last Judgement, continue St. Peter’s basilica (“Pope Paul III - NNDB”) The Last Judgement– Michelangelo http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/images/166/Christianity/Michelangelo_Frescoe_Last_Judgement%20Sisten%20Chapel.jpg

  6. Council of Trent • Consisted of Church leaders 1 • Italians (supported papacy) – were majority 1 • Non-Italians (wanted diluted religious authority) 1 • Met through 1545-1563 in Trent, Italy 1 • Focused on clarifying Church practices 1 • To end doubt and ambiguity 1 • “For the peace and union of the Church; for the reformation of the Clergy and the Christian people; for the…extinction of the enemies of the Christian name, -…the sacred…council of Trent…hath begun” (Weber 76). • Attempts at curbing papacy’s luxurious lifestyle with reforms 2 • Thomas Aquinas’ ideas are central 1 <http://catholicharboroffaithandmorals.com/Council%20of%20Trent.jpg > 1(Chambers) 2(“Counter-Reformation”)

  7. Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274) 2 • Aristotlean 1 • Philosophy is from pre-existing knowledge 1 • Used Five Ways to prove the existence of God 1 • Theology is to discover truths of God through reasoning but the Church offers the technical aspects 2 • Faith and reason combine in harmony 2 <http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/S/St-Thomas-Aquinas-9187231-1-402.jpg> 2 (“St. Thomas Aquinas”) 1(McInerny)

  8. Council of Trent Conclusions • Seven sacraments are unshakable (including transubstantiation) 2 • Bible is not enough, Church tradition is essential to faith 1 • Priest should be present in many rituals (ex: marriage) 1 • Concept of free will, with salvation reached through good deeds and faith 1 • Latin version of bible by St. Jerome is made holy 1 • Grand rituals encouraged  flowering of art 1 1(Chambers) 2(“Counter-Reformation”)

  9. St. Teresa • Lived from 1515-1582, Spanish 2 • Beautiful and frivolous in her youth 3 • Sent to convent as a girl, became severely ill, God appeared in visions 1,2 • Teresa gains followers, Church is concerned until Spanish king approves of her 1 • Teresa and her followers travel across Spain building covenants 1 St. Teresa <http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fpau1jzLLvM/UHv5Mbt8yEI/AAAAAAAABdo/29WssI_tpbxk/s1600/St_TeresaAvila.jpg> 1(Chambers) 3(Stein) 2(Zimmerman)

  10. Ignatius Loyola • Lived from 1491-1556, Spanish 1 • Born to a noble family, raised with chivalric, religious values 1 • Saw religion in chivalric, military views 1 • Believes in discipline, education (studied 11 years, attended universities) 2 Ignatius Loyola <http://www.stigchurch.org/Assets/ignatius-portrait.jpg> • Had 8-day long vision of an outline of Spiritual Exercises and the Society of Jesus 1 • Loyola and followers approved by Paul III in 1538 as a religious order – The Society of Jesus 1 • "I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it” - Loyola3 1(Chambers) 2(Pollen “St. Ignatius Loyola”) 3(“Society of Jesus”)

  11. The Spiritual Exercises • Revised multiple times 1 • Discusses Church doctrines and how to live faithfully 1 • Requires 4-week long period to examine own faith, make connection to God 1 • Salvation is voluntary – there is free will, and good works that one does leads to salvation 1 • “Missions” – sections of The Spiritual Exercises preached; popular in England 2 The Spiritual Exercises <http://libraries.slu.edu/a/digital_collections/spiritual-journeys/images/exercises-title.jpg> 1(Chambers) 2(Pollen “St. Ignatius Loyola”)

  12. The Society of Jesus • Four duties: • Mission Work 1 • Preaching 1 • Listening to confessions 1 • Teaching 1 • Schools became famously good, some Protestants enroll children who converted 1 • Intellectually gifted chosen, given high education  effective tool for Church 1 • Conversion preferred over execution 1 <http://www.loyolapress.com/assets/fg_comp/137218_content.jpg> 1(Chambers)

  13. Baroque Period • Examples: • Caravaggio 1 • Rubens 1 • Velásquez1 • Bernini 1 • Claudio Monteverdi (music) 1 • Dramatic, passionate, to awe the audience 1 • From idea of grandeur in Church image 1 • Used striking contrasts of light and dark 2 • Sense of unity emphasized 2 • Council of Trent and Catholic Church want art to evoke religious piety 2 <http://www.nyu.edu/classes/gilbert/classic/images/barorchdetail.gif> 1(Chambers) 2(“Baroque”)

  14. Baroque Art Examples The Ecstasy of St. Teresa <http://castinet.castilleja.org/users/pmckee/culture_civilizations/bernini.-ecstasy2.jpg> Bernini’s sculpture and architecture epitomized the Baroque Period qualities 1 • Claudio Monteverdi - composer, developed opera and orchestra 1 • Orfeo 1 (Toccata d’Orfeo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fH5zbdzV4k) The Calling of St. Matthew – Caravaggio <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Caravaggio_-_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpg/300px-Caravaggio_-_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpg> The Fall of Phaeton – Rubens <http://uploads7.wikipaintings.org/images/peter-paul-rubens/the-fall-of-phaeton.jpg> Caravaggio used dramatic light and dark 1 Rubens painted the magnificence of the Church and faith 1 1(Chambers)

  15. Use of Propaganda • Propaganda utilized by both Reformation and Counter-Reformation 1 • Both try to portray other as Devil 1 • Invention of printing press plays large part 1 • Catholics demonize Luther 1 • Song lyrics with certain words replaced used 1 • Distributed through pamphlets with pictures 1 Luther’s Game of Heresy <http://www.people.vcu.edu/~jahartmann/images/Propaganda_in_the_Reformation.pdf> 1(Hartmann)

  16. Other Church Actions • Inquisition restarted in 1542 1 • Harsh punishment for accused 1 • Index of Forbidden Books in 1557 1 • Books considered heretical, have ideas different from Church, are banned 2 • Only ended in 1966 with Pope Paul VI 2 The Room of the Roman Inquisition – Picart <http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/204435/1/The-Room-Of-The-Roman-Inquisition,-1722.jpg> 2(Cline “Index of Forbidden Books (Index of Prohibited Books)”) 1(Cline “Counter-Reformation”)

  17. Women in the Time Period • Women became highly involved in community work1 • Religious orders, like charities 1 Baroque Women Fashion <http://historyofeuropeanfashion.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/baroquewomen.jpg?w=486&h=345.> 1(Chambers)

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