The Bacteria Kingdoms

1. The Bacteria Kingdoms

2. The Two Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria • Live in harsh conditions • More normal and common bacteria

3. Archaebacteria

4. Archaebacteria • Archaebacteria are prokaryotes. • Prokaryotes are: single celled without a nucleus organisms and are the smallest and simplest forms of life. • Archaebacteria are found in anaerobic and extreme conditions (high salt, high temperature, and/or very acidic.) • These are believed to be the conditions on the early Earth. Earth’s early atmosphere did not contain oxygen, therefore the earliest organisms were anaerobic. • Anaerobic  can live in the absence of oxygen

5. Halobacteriumsalinarum • Lives in extremely salty places. • Picture on the right shows a salty pond in the Arabian desert that has turned red due to the presence of Halobacteriumsalinarum

6. Thermusthermophilus • Thermusthermophilusis an archaean which can withstand very high temperatures. • Often lives in hot springs like those found at Yellowstone.

7. Eubacteria

8. Eubacteria • Eubacteria are also prokaryotes. • Eubacteria is made up of more traditional bacteria and is a larger kingdom than archaebacteria. • They are found in almost all habitats. • Eubacteria are unicellular and have no membrane-bound organelles. • ie: no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, or Golgi apparatus.

9. All Bacteria Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

10. 3 Shapes of Bacteria • Cocci spherical • Bacilli rod shaped • Spirilla spiral shaped

11. Cilia and Flagella • Cilia and Flagella allow a bacterium to move. • Cilia are hair-like and work like oars in a boat.  Repetitive beating allows the cell to move. • If a bacteria cannot move cilia can also move water across the cell’s surface. • Flagella are whip-like and wave back and forth to move the cell.

13. Nutrition • Most bacteria are heterotrophs. • Heterotrophsfeed on other organisms. • These include parasites which live and feed off of a living host • and decomposers that feed on dead and decaying organisms • Some bacteria are autotrophs. • Autotrophs use chemicals or photosynthesis as a form of energy.

14. Reproduction Bacteria reproduce either asexually or sexually. Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction • Prokaryotes reproduce by splitting in two in a process called binary fission. • The DNA is copied and the cell divides into two identical cells. • Combines genes from two different individuals. • Prokaryotes that do not technically reproduce sexually can still mix genes with one another.

15. Mixing Genes • Cells that do not reproduce sexually can still mix genes through three processes: • Conjugation- Two cells briefly join and one cell donates DNA to the other. • Transformation– Bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from the environment. • Transduction- viruses can transfer pieces of DNA from one cell to another • These processes add genetic diversity to bacteria. • Mutation is also a large source of genetic diversity in bacteria.

16. Bacteria and Disease • Bacteria cause disease in two ways: • By damaging tissues and breaking down cells for food • By releasing toxins that interfere with the normal bodily functions of the host.

17. Treating Bacterial Disease • To treat diseases caused by bacteria we use: • Vaccines small doses of live bacteria, killed bacteria, or parts of bacterial cells which cause an immune response. • Vaccines allow your body to learn how to kill a bacteria without getting sick. • Antibiotics drugs that interfere with the growth of bacteria