The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

1. The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

2. The Capitol Building c.1800

3. Jeffersonian Philosophy • Strict interpretation of Constitution=weak central gov’t • Small gov’t and less taxes • Agricultural society • Sided with the French

4. Louisiana Purchase • France secretly acquired territory in 1800 • Napoleon willing to sell for war $ • Mission sent to buy N.O. • Bought the whole territory for $15 million • Purchasing land not mentioned in Constitution…

5. The Louisiana Purchase

6. Lewis and Clark lead the

7. Into the Unknown…

8. Vice President Aaron Burr • “Northern Confederacy” • Split from Rep. party • Rivalry leads to a duel between Burr and Hamilton • Hamilton killed, Burr in exile • Plotted to form his own empire in the LA territory

9. The Duel

10. John Marshall’s Court (1801-1835) • Sought to increase Court’s and fed. gov’t power • Federalist ideas • Marbury v. Madison • Judicial review • McCullough v. Maryland • Implied powers

11. Supreme Court Chambers

12. Neutral Rights, Impressment, Embargo • Jefferson cut the size of the military by more than half • French and British both threaten US ships on high seas • British impress American citizens (Chesapeake-Leonard Affair) • Jefferson decides to abandon all trade with the Embargo Act

13. The Embargo Act 1807

14. The Embargo Act 1807 • No foreign trade at all • Economic slump begins • Embargo-runners emerge • Liability for Rep. party

15. James and Dolley Madison

16. James Madison • Jefferson’s Secretary of State • Most intelligent of Founding Fathers • “Father of the Constitution” • Won 1808 and 1812 elections

17. The War of 1812: Causes • US desired Spanish Florida (Spain and England allied) • British impressment • Secure a foreign market for US crops • “War Hawks” • Clay-Speaker of the House • Calhoun-leading Rep.

18. Vision of the War Hawks

19. Fighting Begins • Britain distracted by Napoleon until 1813 • Invasion of Canada fails • Harrison defeats Tecumseh • Jackson ravages Indians in Florida

20. America Impression of British-Indian Alliance

21. The Burning of Washington

22. Hartford Convention • Opposition grows as war enters 1815 • Federalists in New England meet • Considered secession, listed grievances • Right of nullification stated • After New Orleans, convention looks absurd and the Federalists disappear

23. Criticism of Hartford Convention

24. Treaty of Ghent

25. Treaty of Ghent 1814 • Signed before the Battle of New Orleans • Did NOT address impressment (the alleged cause of the war) • No real changes from 1812 • Simply stopped the fighting • Led to other treaties • Rush-Bagot disarmed the Great Lakes • Economic agreements

26. Battle of New Orleans

27. Battle of New Orleans • Made a hero of Andrew Jackson • Over 2,000 casualties for British, about 20 for US • Biggest highlight of the war

29. Nationalism Influences Domestic Policy • As a unique American culture developed, so did a sense of nationalism. • Nationalism replaced the tendency toward sectionalism. • These feelings were soon reflected in government policies. • John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801–1835) • His court made two key rulings that reflected growing feelings of nationalism and strengthened the national government. • McCulloch v. Maryland: Thiscase pitted the state of Maryland against the national government. In his ruling, Marshall made it clear that national interests were to be put above state interests. • Gibbons v. Ogden: Marshall ruled that national law was superior to state law.

30. Nationalism Influences Domestic Policy • The American System • Nationalistic domestic policy of the early 1800s championed by Henry Clay included: • a tariff to protect American industries • the sale of government lands to raise money for the national government • the maintenance of a national bank • government funding of internal improvements or public projects such as roads and canals

31. Nationalism Guides Foreign Policy • American foreign policy in the early 1800s also reflected the feelings of nationalism. • In 1816 voters elected James Monroe to the presidency. • During his presidency, the economy grew rapidly, and a spirit of nationalism and optimism prevailed—”Era of Good Feelings.”

32. Nationalism Guides Foreign Policy • Successful diplomacy abroad • Rush-Bagot Treaty (1818): treaty with Britain that called for the nearly complete disarmament of the eastern part of the border between the United States and British Canada • During the Convention of 1818, Monroe also convinced Britain to draw the western part of the border between the United States and Canada along the 49th parallel. • Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): the United States acquired Florida and established a firm boundary between the Louisiana Territory and Spanish territory farther to the west.

33. The Monroe Doctrine • Some Spanish colonies in Central and South America declared their independence • American lawmakers wanted to deter any foreign country from taking lands in the Americas that the United States might someday claim. • President Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams declared a new policy, known as the Monroe Doctrine. • It declared the Americas off limits to European colonization.

34. The Missouri Compromise • Missouri Compromise of 1820: agreement under which Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine was to be admitted as a free state • The agreement also banned slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory. • The Missouri Compromise kept the balance between slave and free states.