Introduction to Anatomy

1. Introduction to Anatomy By Dr.Maher T.AL-Hadidi Faculty of Medicine University of Jordan Spring 2012

2. Medical Language • Most derived from Latin and / Greek language. • Important for clear communication in Medicine. • To describe the body clearly and indicate the position of its parts in relative to each other.

3. Objectives Divide medical words into their basic parts. Find the meaning of basic combining words.

4. Basic word parts • WordRoot Origin of the word. eg: Gastr = Stomach • Suffix Word ending. • Gastr/ ic Related to. • Gastr/ itis Inflammation. • Gastr / ectomy Removal. • ………/ Logy Science.

5. Basic word parts …continued • Prefix Word beginning. • Epi Above eg: Epi/gastr /ic • Hypo Below eg: Hypo/gastr /ic • Anti Against eg: Anti/bio /tic • A NO eg: A/vascular • Combining Vowel Joining the root to another or to the suffix. [Usually O] eg: • Gastr /o/logy • Gastr/o/intestinal • Gastr /o/ hepatic

6. Anatomical PositionReferral position Worldwide constant method in describing a patient, assume he is in that specific position. As if the • Person standing erect. • Facing forward. • Palms turned forward. • Feet by side.

7. Directional TermsTo describe the position of one body part relative to another. Term Meaning • Anterior Nearer to front of body • Posterior Nearer to the back • Superior Nearer to the head • Inferior Nearer to the feet • Median Central line of the body • Medial Nearer to the median line • Lateral Away from median line • Proximal Nearer to point of origin • Distal Away from point of origin • Superficial Nearer to body surface • Deep Away from body surface

8. Body planes/Sections Flat surfaces that pass / cut throughout body levels. • Midsagital → divide the body into two equal halves. • Sagital → divide body into two parts • Horizontal → divide body into upper part and lower part. • Coronal → divide the body into anterior part and posterior part. • Sections→ used in Anatomy, Pathology and Surgery. • Planes→ used in Radiology

9. Body Cavities • Dorsal,consist of • Cranial cavity, contains brain etc. • Vertebral canal, contains spinal cord etc. • Ventral,consist of • Thoracic, contains heart, lungs etc. • Abdominal, contains abdominal organs etc. • Pelvic contains pelvic organs etc.

10. Bony Skeleton • A calcified connective tissue that serve as storage for calcium & phosphorus. • Act as levers for muscles to produce movements permitted by joints. • Contain internal soft tissue, Bone Marrow, where blood cells are formed. • Form of 206 bones in adults, connected via spaces called joints.

11. Divisions Two divisions: • Axial skeleton (80 bones) • Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) • Upper: • Shoulder girdle • Bones of upper limb • Lower: • Pelvic girdle • Bones of lower limb

12. Shapes of bones • Long bones. eg. Humerus • Short bones. eg. Wrist bones • Flat bones. eg. Scapula • Irregular bones. eg. Vertebra • Sesamoid bones. eg. Patella

13. Types of bonetissue Classified according to relative amount of solid matrix, number and size of bone marrow cavities. • Compact bone • Full with…. • Designed for…. • Spongy bone • Full with…. • Designed for…. Spongy bone Compact bone

14. Types of Joints Classified according to connective tissue type between articulating bones. • Synovial J. Contains (Synovial fluid) eg. Knee joint. • Cartilaginous J. Contains (cartilage) eg. Intervertebral Joints • Fibrous Joints.Contains (fibrous CT) eg. Sutures between bones of skull.

15. Muscles Voluntary: • Skeletal ~700 Locations: • Superficial • Deep Functions: eg. Body Movements Involuntary: • Cardiac Heart • Smooth Organs

16. Principal superficial skeletal muscles Muscles are named according to: • Direction of its fibers eg Rectus, Transverse, Oblique. • Sizeof muscle eg Major, Minor, Vastus (huge). • Shapeof muscle eg Deltoid, Trapezius, Gracilis (slender). • Main action eg. Flexor, Extensor, Abductor, Adductor. • Number of tendonsof origin eg. Biceps, Triceps. • Location eg. Superficialis, Profundus (deep), Brachialis. • Origin and insertion eg. Brachioradialis, from brachium (humerus) to radius.

17. Bone Markings • Bone structural features adapted for specific functions. • New bone will be deposited resulting in raised or roughened areas .Appears in response to tension on bone surfaces where tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis and fascia pull on the periosteum. • Compression on a surface of a bone results into a depression.

18. 1. Bone outgrowths serve as points of attachments for connective tissue. • Tubercleد رنـه→Small, rounded projection. • Tuberosity أحدوبـه→Large, rounded projection. • Facetوجيـه→Smooth flat surface. • Spine شوكـه→Thornlike process. • Processنا تئ→projection on bone. • Trochanterالمدور→Large blunt projection. • Protuberance حـدبه / نا شزه →Bone projection. • Crestعـرف→Elongatedridge of bone. • Line خـط →long, narrow ridge of bone. • Condyleلـقمه→large, round protuberance at the end of a bone. • Epicondyleلـقيـمـه→prominence above condyle. • Malleolusكـعبي→Rounded process.

19. 2.Depressions and openings, which allow the passage of soft tissues as blood vessels and nerves. • Foramen ثـقبـه → Opening through a bone. • Fossaحفـره→Shallow depression (trench). • Notch ثـلمه →Nick (cut) at edge of a bone. • Fissureشـق→Narrow slit between adjacent bones. • Sulcus تـلـم →Groove along a bone surface. • Meatusصـماخ→Tubelike opening (passageway).