Chemistry of Carbon

1. Chemistry of Carbon For each macromolecule: Know the names of the monomers and polymers Know the structure & functions of the monomers & polymers Be able to illustrate dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reaction

2. Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is an entire branch of chemistry simply devoted to the study of C cpds Why is carbon so important?

3. C is versatile; 4 valence e-s strong covalent bonds many other elements, esp; C H N O P S All organisms are made up of organic molecules

4. C can bond with itself… form rings or chains

5. Macromolecules • Lgmolecules made of 1000’s or 100,000’s of small molecules, via polymerization. • Monomers, single molecules, join together to form Polymers • The monomers that make up a polymer can be the same or different.

6. Macromolecules • 4 groups: sorted by composition • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

7. Carbohydrates Cpds made up of C, H, and O Typically in a 1:2:1 Ratio Ex. C6H12O6 It’s SUGAR!! Living things use carbs as their main E source. The breakdown of sugars supply cells with immediate E. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbs for structural purposes.

8. Simple Sugars monosaccharides- single sugar molecules • Glucose • Galactose - milk • Fructose - fruit Disaccharide - 2 bonded monosaccharides • Sucrose (table sugar) glucose + fructose

9. Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides are large macromolecules formed from chains of monosaccharides. Starch complex carb many organisms use to store extra sugar. Hundreds of glucose (monomers) build the polymer, starch

10. Complex Carbohydrates for E Starch is a polysaccharide produced by plants (wheat, rice, potatoes) to store energy

11. Complex Carbohydrates for E Many animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen. • Stored in liver – used when blood sugar low • Stored in you muscles – E used for muscle contraction • plants use starch to store excess E

12. Complex Carbohydrates for structure The cell wall of plants is composed of cellulose (or fiber). It is a structural polysaccharide.

13. Complex Carbohydrates for structure Chitin is a polysaccharide produced by animals for structure. It forms the exoskeleton of crabs, lobster, and insects, for example.

14. Back to Bonding Macromolecules, such as polysaccharides, form through a Condensation/Dehydrationrxn. • when 2 monosaccharides join together, an H20 molecule is formed. Polysaccharides break down in a rxn known as Hydrolysis…or dehydration synthesis. • An H20 molecule is split to provide an OH- and H+ to break the bond.

15. Bonding: in order to build macromolecules, cells use condensation/dehydration synthesis

16. Bonding: in order to build macromolecules, cells use condensation/dehydration synthesis

17. In order to digest, cells use hydrolysis

18. In order to digest, cells use hydrolysis

19. dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis

20. Variations of ORGANIC molecules

21. Functional Groups Functional groups determine how a compound reacts. Carboxyl group -COOH Hydroxyl group -OH Amino group -NH2

22. Lipids • Composition • mostly from C & H • generally not soluble in water • Examples include Function • Fats & Oils Store energy (i.e. fats/triglycerides)…9 v. 4 Cal/g • Phospholipids Biological membranes (i.e. cell membrane) • Waxes Waterproof coverings (i.e. pine needles) • Steroids (ex:hormones) Chemical messengers between cells (i.e. testosterone)

23. LIPIDSContain mostly C & H, little OMostly nonpolar and hydrophobic

24. LIPIDS I. TRIGLYCERIDES: FATS & OILS

25. Monomers of triglycerides:Glycerol and (3) fatty acids Glycerol Fatty acid

26. Fatty acid classificationsaturated v unsaturated

27. Saturated fatty acids are saturated with H All C-to-C bonds are single bonds, each C holding as max number H

28. Saturated fatty acids: STRAIGHT CHAINS

29. Saturated fats: Unhealthy fats: stack: plaque Animal products: bacon, lard, butta… Solid at room T

30. Unsaturated fatty acids: at least 1 C-to-C double bond (not saturated w/H)

31. Unsaturated fatty acids: BENT CHAINS

32. MONOunsaturated fatty acid

33. Polyunsaturated fatty acid/s

34. Unsaturated fats Healthy fats From plants…seeds, nuts, avacado Liquid at room T

35. Lipids & melting points

36. Functions & Properties Energy storage • 9 Cal/g v carb & protein 4 Cal/g Cushioning Insulation

37. TRIGLYCERIDE STRUCTURE & FORMATION H Monomers: H H H Polymer:

38. Animation of dehydration synthesis of triglyceride • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=to_5ZsU6ftw

39. Triglyceride Structure

40. Triglyceride forms through dehydration synthesis monomers polymer

41. Triglyceride forms through dehydration synthesis Condensation! H H Condensation! H Condensation! H

42. Triglyceride forms through dehydration synthesis H H H H + 3 H2O

43. Triglyceride forms through dehydration synthesis • 1 glycerol bonds to 3 fatty acids • 3 dehydration rxns: 3 H2O released • Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails

44.  Transfats/Hydrogenated oils • Types of fatshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aukVvYC-WA&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp0nc4kY-tc&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL479B39C0EC919FDB

45. Glycerol Head Fatty acids Tails PHOSPHOLIPID Monomers: glycerol & (2) fatty acids

46. Polar Hydrophilic 1 glycerol (w/PO4) form the polar, hydrophilic “head”

47. 2 fatty acids make up the nonpolar, hydrophobic “tails” Nonpolar Hydrophobic

48. Function: forms bilayer which is a major component of cell (plasma) membranes

49. Lipids in cell membranes make the cells impermeable to water

50. III. WAXES Protect Cleanse Waterproof sealant