Answer the following questions in your notebook.

1. Answer the following questions in your notebook. • What assassination sparked an armed conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that resulted in the First World War? • Name at least two factors that may have played a role in starting the First World War. • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan called for a two-front war with which two nations? • The neutrality of which European state was violated when Germany invaded France in 1914? • What was the name of the mutual defensive alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy? What was the mutual defense alliance between Britain, France and Russia called?

2. Define Chapter 26 key vocabulary terms (25): alliance, entente, militarism, ultimatum, mobilize, neutrality, stalemate, zeppelin, U-boat, convoy, total war, conscription, contraband, propaganda, atrocity, self-determination, armistice, pandemic, reparations, radicals, collective security, mandate, proletariat, soviet, and commissar • Identify the following people, places, and events: Alsace and Lorraine, Dardanelles, Lusitania, Fourteen Points, Treaty of Versailles, Nichols II, Rasputin, Vladimir Lenin, Bolsheviks, and Treaty of Brest Litovsk,

3. WORLD WAR I 1914-1924

5. Prelude to World War • Population Explosion • Industrial Revolution • Nationalism • Militarism • Technology • Defensive Alliances

6. Military Alliances • Triple Alliance (1882)- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy • Triple Entente (1907)- Great Britain, France, and Russia

7. Tension Leading to War • Moroccan Crises • 1905 • 1911 • Balkan Crisis

8. WORLD WAR I 1914-1918

9. Crisis in the Balkans • Austria-Hungary (multinational state) • Nationalism in the Balkans • Pan-Slavism • Desire to develop a united Slavic nation (Yugoslavia) • A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 • 1st Balkan War, 1912 • 2nd Balkan War, 1913 • Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia • The Black Hand/Serbian Nationalists

11. Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, June 28, 1914

12. Gavrilo Princip

13. Declarations of War • A-H wished to take action against Serbia • Germany supported A-H • A-H declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914 • Russia mobilized against Germany and A-H • Germany declared war on Russia and France • Germany mobilized against France and violated Belgian neutrality (Schlieffen Plan) • Britain declared war on Germany for breaking Belgian neutrality

14. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

15. World War I Alliances • Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, and later Japan and Montenegro • Central Powers- Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire. • Italy?

16. World War I and its Destruction 1914-1918

17. Total War- a war that involves complete mobilization of troops and materials over large areas. The war affects the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. Mobilization- the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war.

18. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

19. The Battle of the Marne • The Germans were advancing NE of Paris • The French army organized a force to resist the Germans • The Germans retreated (only about 50 miles from Paris) and dug trenches • The Western Front was created • Trench Warfare • war of attrition- a war in which each side tries to wear the other down by constant attack

20. The Western Front

21. The Western Front

22. Trench Warfare

24. Cross-Section of a Trench

27. Life in the Trenches

30. Trench Foot

32. Rats in the Trenches

34. Body Lice

36. The End to War

37. Russia’s withdrawal from the war in 1918 • U.S. entry into the war in 1917 • Spring 1917- France was weakening, British and German reserves were diminishing • March 1918- the Germans launched a final offensive against the Allies, gaining considerable ground • July 1918- Second Battle of the Marne • With the aid of U.S. troops, the Allies launched an effective counterattack that continued until September, 1918 • The resistance of the Central Powers in other areas of the war crumbled • November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice

38. The Paris Peace Conference • January 1919 • delegates from 27 nations attended • Representatives from the Central Powers and Russia were not included • The “Big Four” • Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France • Prime Minister David Lloyd-George of Britain • Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy • President Woodrow Wilson of the United States • Wilson’s idealism and Europe’s nationalism

39. The Big Four Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando Italy President Woodrow Wilson United States Prime Minister David Lloyd-George Great Britain Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau France

40. Woodrow Wilson and the Restoration of Peace • Wilson’s Fourteen Points • freedom of the seas and of trade • reduction of military weapons • an end to all secret alliances • self-rule for all nations • “general assembly of all nations” • “no annexations, no contributions, and no punitive damages” • France and Britain demanded reparations

41. WWI Casualties • 9 million soldiers killed • 21 million soldiers wounded • Around 30 million soldiers killed or wounded • 13 million civilians died from disease and starvation • Armenians? • The war destroyed Europe • Governments went bankrupt • Revolution was rife in Eastern Europe • A new Europe had to be formed

42. The Treaty of Versailles • June 28, 1919 • War Guilt Clause • Reduced the size of the German army • Prohibited Germany from manufacturing major war weapons • Reduced Germany’s territorial size • Germany was required to pay extensive reparations • Restructuring of Austria-Hungary

43. Restructuring of Europe

45. Germany developed deep resentment in response their loss of the war and Allied treatment after the armistice. • The Treaty of Versailles left Germany weak and humiliated. • This resentment, which lingered for over two decades, later resulted in even greater violence in the form of German Nazism.

46. The Russian Revolution

47. The First World War and Russia • The Russians were not prepared for total war • No competent military leaders • Russian industry • Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra • Gregorian Rasputin *Continued military and economic disasters created tremendous discontent among the people of Russia. • The March Revolution • Working-class women in St. Petersburg demanded “peace and bread”

48. Provisional Government- March 12, 1917 • Nicholas II was encouraged to abdicate • Alexander Kerensky • Continuation of the war • Kerensky made a poor call in continuing the war • Problems: • Workers and peasants wanted peace • soviets (council of workers and soldiers) emerged all over Russia • Bolsheviks

49. The Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin • Opposed capitalism • Advocated violent revolution as a means to effect positive change • Lenin’s Promises: • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918) • Assassination of the royal family • Civil War (1918-1922) • Red Terror