Classification & Taxonomy

1. Classification & Taxonomy

2. What do YOU call this animal?

3. Basic Definitions • Classificationthe grouping of objects/information based on similarities • Taxonomythe branch of biology concerned w/grouping & naming organisms

4. Early Naming Systems • Based on edible or toxic • Aristotle – 300 B.C. • plants vs. animals (size/location) • Carolus Linnaeus - 1700’s • based on body structures • Still used today

5. Binomial Nomenclature • Genussmall group closely related organisms • speciesdescribes an important characteristic of the organism • G + S  Scientific name • Humans?

6. Examples • Ursus maritimus • Ursus arctos • Genus-Ursus = bear • Species-maritimus = sea • Species-arctos = great northern/grizzly

7. Scientific Names • Reduces confusion caused by common/local names • Scientific committee -consistency & preserves one of each species • Latin – dead language (words don’t change meaning) & basis for other languages

8. Why taxonomy? • In USA & England - house sparrow • In Spain - gorrion • In Holland – musch • In Sweden – hussparf • Scientific Name - Passer domesticus

9. Rules for writing Scientific Names • First letter of genus - ALWAYS capitalized • First letter of species - NEVER capitalized • Scientific names are italicized (if typed) or underlined (if hand written)

10. Which of these are written correctly? • Violatricolor (pansy with 3-colored flower) • Quercus phellos (Willow Oak) • Nymphaeaordata (fragrant water lily) • ClostridiumBotulinum (bacteria that causes a form of food poisoning) • homo sapiens

11. 4 Rules for assigning scientific names • All scientific names must be in Latin. • Two different organisms cannot be assigned the same scientific name.

12. Rules continued… • For each member of the same genus, the species name must be different. • Organisms in different genera will NOT have the same genus name, BUT can have same species name.

13. Kingdom (6) Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Domains (3)

14. Coral snake Abert squirrel Sea star Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos

15. Linnaean System of Classification • Each level is called a taxa • Smallest, most specific taxon is the species

16. Example • House cat(Felisdomesticus) & the mountain lion (Felis concolor) • Lions placed in a separate genus, Pantheraleo

17. Groups of similar genera are put into the same family. • Ex: All genera with cat-like characteristics are put in the family of Felidae.

18. Families of similar organisms are placed in the same order. • Ex: Cats are in the same order as dogs—Carnivora—they are all meat eaters.

19. Similar orders are grouped into the same class. • All warm-blooded animals that have body hair and produce milk for their young are in the class Mammalia.

20. Similar classes are grouped into the same phylum. (Plants – divisions) • Mammals are placed in the same phyla as reptiles and fishes-Chordata. Phylum Chordata

21. Kingdom Animalia Similar phyla are grouped into the same kingdom. • 6 KingdomsArchaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

23. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Did King Philip Come Over For Good spaghetti In review… • Do • Kings • Play • Chess • On • Fuzzy • Green • stools

24. Turn and Talk • Tell your partner the Linnaeus hierarchal system of classification. Include all seven levels, from largest or most inclusive to smallest, least inclusive. • Take turns

25. CONCEPT REVIEW: True or False 1) Biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. TRUE

26. CONCEPT REVIEW: Multiple Choice The science that specializes in the classification of organisms is • anatomy • taxonomy • botany • paleontology

27. CONCEPT REVIEW: Multiple Choice The science that specializes in the classification of organisms is • anatomy • taxonomy • botany • paleontology

28. CONCEPT REVIEW: Multiple Choice The largest most inclusive of Linnaeus’s taxonomic categories is the • kingdom • phylum • order • species

29. CONCEPT REVIEW: Multiple Choice The largest most inclusive of Linnaeus’s taxonomic categories is the • kingdom • phylum • order • species

30. Importance of Taxonomy • Drugs for diseases • Invasive & toxic organisms • Earth friendly cleaning products

31. The Tree of Life has been updated since Linnaeus’s time • Scientists now classify organisms into an even broader category, called the domain, above the kingdom level

32. DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN BACTERIA 3 Domains: Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya

33. Classification Today • Evolutionary classification, not just physical characteristics. • Relationships determined by structure, development, biochemistry, and behavior. • Phylogeny - the evolutionary history of a species; can be illustrated on a cladogram or phylogenic tree

34. Reading a cladogram/phylogeny • Each branch represents an evolutionary lineage • Implied in the x direction is some sort of evolutionary distance from each other and implied in the y direction is relative time • Intersecting lines represent a speciation event

35. Practice Problems

36. Your turn

37. 3 Domains

38. Cladogram – shows evolutionary relationships

40. Let’s make one!

42. DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN BACTERIA 3 Domains

43. Dichotomous Key • Set of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms. • Used to identify organisms