The English Civil War

1. The English Civil War

2. Timeline for English Civil War/Revolution • 1625: Charles I becomes king and marries a Catholic • 1628: Parliament draft Petition of Right, limiting taxation, incarceration and troop billeting • 1630s: the monarchy taxes by expanding legal authority • 1642: Outbreak of War between King & Parliament • 1645: Parliament captures king • 1649: Charles I executed • 1650: Blasphemy Act, Commonwealth Act • 1650s: England operates as a Puritan state • 1658: Cromwell dies • 1660: Coronation of Charles II • 1688: Glorious Revolution: Protestants, William and Mary, replace Catholic James II as king

3. Charles I • Maintained a lifelong devotion to the divine right of kings • Even his advocates considered him less than brilliant and lacking people skills • By Van Dyck, 1635

4. Edward Coke, 1552-1634 • Champion of Common Law against Stuarts’ support of royal prerogative • Author of the Petition of Right, 1628 • Rival of Francis Bacon

5. Petition of Right, May-June,1628

6. Thomas Wentworth,Earl of Strafford,was theprincipal adviser to Charles I from 1629-1641. He was responsible for raising taxes without parliamentary approval.

7. William Laud was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633-45. He reinstituted Catholic rituals and forms of dress, such as the surplice, among the clergy.

8. The English Try to Impose Religious Practices on the Scotts1638

9. Reaction to the Book of Common Prayer 1637

10. Short Parliament April 1640Long Parliament 1640-1648

11. John Pym

12. Irish Rebellion 1641-1642

13. The Eve of Edgehill, 1642

14. First English Civil War, 1642-1645

16. Prince Rupert, 1619-82 • Charles’ nephew with mixed record on the battlefield • Prince of the Palatinate in HRE • Commander of royalist cavalry • Animosity with Charles’ English councilors • Abandoned royalist cause in 1645 shortly after Naseby • Member of Privy Council under Charles II

17. Initially leadership of the parliamentarian army fell into the hands of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of EssexHe demonstrated his lack of leadership within a year.

18. The Earl of Manchester was another Parliamentary commander who demonstrated lack of zeal in defeating the king. He fled the battlefield at Marston Moor.

19. Member of the gentry who had profited from the dissolution Parliamentary leader of the New Model Army Ardent Puritan but advocated religious toleration Lord Protector, 1653-8 Oliver Cromwell, 1599-1658

21. Oliver Cromwell cemented his reputation as a cavalry commander at Marston Moor on July 2, 1644

22. Marston Moor, 1644

23. Commander of forces at decisive battle of Marston Moor, 1644, which gave Parliament control of York and the North Thomas Fairfax, 1612-71

24. Outstanding military leader who demonstrated considerable personal bravery on the battlefield Reluctantly involved in politics Refused to sit on council that condemned Charles I Retired from politics after Charles II desecrated the remains of Cromwell in 1661 Thomas Fairfax

25. The New Model Army1645Roundheads & Levellers

26. Royalist sympathizers were purged from Parliament in 1648

27. Execution of Charles I, Jan 1649

28. Cromwell increased his control over the government when after the execution of Charles I in 1649

29. Why did Puritans prove incapable of maintaining popular support?

30. What issues were prominent among the pamphlets in the 1640s and 1650s? • The threats posed by Jews, Catholics, and Turks • The threats posed by Ranters and Charlatans • The threats posed by witches and prostitutes • The threats posed by Spanish tobacco and strong ale • All of the above

31. What actions did the Puritans government take against these concerns? • Passed laws with strict penalties against sexual misconduct • Passed laws with strict penalties for blasphemy • Required ales to be low alcohol • Passed Blue Laws • All of the above

32. Discuss Friedman, pp. 157-201 • What did the pamphlets have to say about… • Alcohol • Tobacco & Spanish Tobacco • Prostitution • How did women spread evil according to the pamphlets? • How did the Bible, medical explanations, and pornography spread misogynistic assumptions? • How did the Commonwealth Act address fears about the evil influence of women?

33. Discuss Friedman, pp. 157-201 • How did the pamphlets’ portrayals of witches resemble the treatment of prostitutes and religious sectaries? • What were the political implications of the popularity of Captain James Hind? • How did he differ from the Brothers of the Blade? • How did he resemble or differ from Robin Hood?

34. Charles II, 1660-1685The Merry Monarch

35. James II, 1633-1701 • Ruled 1685-88 • Had extensive military experience in service of French and Spanish armies • Became Lord High Admiral in 1660 • Converted to Catholicism in 1668-9 • Parliament became increasingly concerned over the prospect of his succession

36. Protestants William and Mary became monarchs after the Glorious Revolution of 1688

37. Discuss the Revolution & Friedman • Was the English Revolution progressive or reactionary? • In what sense were the Puritans progressives? • What signs point to a radicalization of the opposition to the crown in the 1640s? • What made this civil war a revolution?

38. Discuss Freidman • What did Charles’s opponents do to alienate popular support for their cause? • What was the Commonwealth Act of 1650? • How did Blue Laws and Parliament Ale generate hostility toward Puritan rule?

39. Discuss Friedman • What was the combined impact of pamphlets about witches, Spanish tobacco, and Ranters? • Why did the revolution fail? • In what sense did it succeed?

40. Overview • Trigger Events • Short & Long Parliament • Polarization of Factions • The War

41. Its causes, course of events, and eventual settlement The English Civil War1640-1648

42. Overview • Background • Developments Prior to James I • Conflict between King and Parliament • The accession of James I • Rising tensions under Charles II • The Long Parliament • The Civil War • The Interregnum • The Restoration of the Stuarts

43. Background • The War itself was fairly brief; fighting was pretty much confined to the period 1642-5 • the devastation was mild in comparison to the Thirty Years War • like the Thirty Years War it involved a tangle of religion and constitutional issues • unlike the Thirty Years War, it involved no foreign troops other than the Scottish, who would be formally incorporated into a single polity with the English in the early 18th century - the Act of Union (1707) • to understand the war, it is necessary to review the legal, socio-economic and religious developments that preceded the accession of James I in 1603

44. Developments Prior to James I • Rising influence of the House of Commons • Begins in the 14th century • The power of the purse • Impeachment of royal ministers • Rising influence of the gentry • Control of local politics • Increasing influence in Commons • The depletion of the nobility in the 15th century • 16th century advances • Royal patronage • Overseas trade & intermingling with merchant class

45. Developments Prior to James I • The English legal traditions • Ecclesiastical Courts • Royal Courts aka “Prerogative Courts” • Star Chamber (used Roman Law) • Courts of High Commission (distribution of Ecclesiastical property) • several others • Common Law reflected medieval practices, such as jury trials • Reverence for ancient customs & traditions • Statutory laws versus legal holdings

46. Developments Prior to James I • The English Reformation • Begins as the most conservative Reformation in Europe • retains sacraments • retains episcopal structure • Increasing resentment toward vestiges of papism • Calls for purification and the emergence of Puritans • Puritanism spreads among the influential gentry

47. The Accession of James I (1603-25) • The debt legacy of Elizabeth • The ideology of absolutism • Unlimited royal authority • The relationship between the king and the law • Cultural animosity • James was a Scot • He had little appreciation of English Legal Tradition • He embraced absolutist principles that were contrary to Parliamentarian traditions

48. Conflict between King & Parliament • The impeachment of royal favorites • The opposition leader: Sir Edward Coke • Fierce advocate of English common law • His Institutes make him a legendary figure during his own lifetime • Conflict with James • Coke’s imprisonment • The legend lives on

49. Rising Tensions Under Charles I • The Petition of Right – Parliamentary demands • End of imprisonment without cause (habeas corpus) • No taxation without parliamentary consent • No martial law in peacetime • No billeting of troops forced upon citizens • Charles agrees in order to pass tax levies but then renegs • Parliamentary outrage ensues • Charles dissolves Parliamentary session

50. Rising Tensions Under Charles I (1625-49) • Demands for Ecclesiastical Reforms • Puritans call for presbyterial system • meanwhile James’ wife practices Catholicism • The ascendance of William Laud (late 1620s) • mild Calvinism; persecution of Puritans, who flee to N. America • revision of the prayer books • introduction of the new prayer book in Scotland (1637) • Religious Rebellion ensues • determined Scots vs. apathetic English • Charles convenes Parliament to obtain money to support troops